Hardware and Software Essay

The processor is the brain of a computer. It reads instructions from your software and tells computer what to do. The speed at which the CPU processes information internally is measured in Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz). 1 GHz is equal to 1,000 MHz. Generally, processors with higher MHz or GHz enhance your ability to run creative, entertainment, communication, and productivity applications. The processor has three main functions: 1. It controls the transmission of data from input devices to memory. 2. It processes the data held in main memory. 3. It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output devices. The processor is held on a single board called a mother board. Operating System I think operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux. Monitors I think a large monitor is better because it will accommodate all those floating palettes that modern graphics applications have and it will have more room to see the design. It saves time when people are working on more than windows. It makes it easier to move about thing between different windows. Video Cards Video card is the piece of hardware that takes that output and tells the monitor which of the dots on the screen to light up (and in what color) to allow you to see it. I think video card is one of the components that has an impact on system performance and it can impact on performance more than any other component in the PC. These cards can shift millions of pixel for high quality view of the images. Hard Drives I think backing up data is very important. This could be done on Hard Disks. For Example a self employed designer may back up work files onto external hard disk, CD, DVD, or Removable disk drive but as organisation are larger, therefore they might back up using automated backup software. Because organisations have to transfer the data onto external drives for their clients, it could be transferred to CD format, DVD and Zip Disks. Optical Example of Optical drive is a DVD drive, this drive offers playback of CD-ROM discs allowing users to view high definition programs directly on a properly configured computer. These Drives could be built in or externally attached via a USB 2. 0. These can be used by designers to transfer data on a CD/DVD to show their clients. Sound Cards I think 3D Sound Cards are very good for PCs. It enables a computer to manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace for personal computers. Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board. Scanner Scanners can copy the image of a document, such as a photograph, or a newspaper article and create a digital version of that document so that it can be read by a computer. There are different two types of scanners which printers use today: Flatbed Sheet fed Flatbed: These scanners can scan flat originals of different sizes. They can even scan small 3D objects (For Example, hand). Sheet Fed: These scanners work a bit differently than flatbed scanners: instead of having a moving scanning head, the sheet fed scanner moved the paper past a stationary scanning head. Printer Printing quality is very important for designers/companies. Printing is a process for production of texts and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. These are mostly used for the printing of flyers, sales material and to the designing of photographs. Printer can be connected through a USB cable or sometimes there is no cable required, they can just be connected via local network. There are two main types of printers: Ink jet Laser Inkjet Printers: Ink Jet printers use dots of colored ink onto paper to create an output image. They are not very expensive to buy and it will almost print in colour. However, they can be expensive to operate if you do a lot of printing and it can be slow, and the output is faded. Laser Printers: These printers are used to create high-quality printout at high speed. They are expensive, however, and they are generally limited to black and white outputs. Types of Software Macromedia Studio 8 Macromedia Studio 8 is a complete toolkit for Web designers and animators, and it introduces new features. Many digital content makers can find their way around Macromedia software, but the upgrade to Studio 8 makes common tasks easier to execute for those without coding expertise. This package includes the following software: 1. Flash 8: An animation tool. 2. Dream weaver 8: A Web design application. 3. Fireworks 8: A graphics editor. 4. FlashPaper 2: PDF maker. 5. Contribute 3: The Web site manager. It introduces alpha channel video creation and provides new effects that animators can manipulate in real time to shrink the file sizes and hasten the playback time of Flash animation on end-user desktops. Flash, Fireworks, and Dream weaver now optimize multimedia content for cell phones, Pads, and other mobile. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 Corel released the newest version of its image editing suite, Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2. X2 is an easy-to-use, powerful image editor at an affordable price. Retailing for just $99 or less, X2 is certainly a viable option for consumers who are also considering products from Adobe. What sets X2 apart from the competition is a wide array of old and new features (some of which are unique to Corel). Photoshop 8. 0 CS Win Adobe Photoshop CS means superior results faster, with new features and enhancements that helps creating and managing images easily and efficiently. The essential new and improved features help graphic and Web designers, photographers and video professionals create the highest quality images, with the control, flexibility, and capability that is expected from the professional standard in desktop digital imaging. Microsoft Office Microsoft Office 2007 packs more improvements into the world’s leading application. Package Includes: Microsoft Word – Create and edit text and graphics in letters, reports, web pages or e-mail messages. Microsoft Excel – Perform calculations, analyse information and manage lists in spreadsheets or web pages. Microsoft PowerPoint – Create and edit presentations for slide shows, meetings and web pages.   Microsoft Outlook – Send and receive e-mail, manage schedules, contacts and tasks, and record activities. Microsoft Publisher – Create and edit newsletters, brochures, flyers, and web sites.   Microsoft Access – Create databases and programs to track and manage information. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Publisher, Access, Project, InfoPath, Visio, and OneNote all work basically as they did before, only it’s more easily. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook are the only programs to get the full interface upgrade. Outlook gets the new interface upgrade only in its content-creation screens. Xara Xtreme Xara Xtreme is a top class graphics tool, It does not matter what the level of graphics experience. With its amazing speed, small size, reasonable system requirements, moderate price, and powerful feature set, it’s hard to go wrong with Xara Xtreme. Although it’s currently only for Windows, Xara has announced plans to make Xtreme open source and to develop Macintosh and Linux versions. 1. Xara Xtreme is a fast yet powerful vector-based drawing and illustration program for Windows. 2. Includes a Picture Editor where you can crop, rotate, enhance and sharpen bitmap-based photos. 3. Suitable for Web graphics, illustration, technical drawing, animation, cartooning, and compositions. Task One (M1) I have outlined the following two hardware and stated the limitations of each hardware in terms of capture, manipulation and storage of graphics. 1. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors 2. Inkjet Printer LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors are based on a newer technology and are becoming very popular, mainly because they have great space and energy saving advantages over CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors. CRT and LCD monitors are based on completely different technologies, and thus have quite different display. One of the biggest advantages of LCD monitors is that they are compact and lightweight. Limitations: 1. Most CRT monitors are capable of displaying unlimited colors but LCD monitors are only capable of hundreds or thousands of colors. 2. CRT monitors are usually capable of displaying multiple video resolutions but an important issue with LCD monitors is resolution.   A CRT screen can be looked at from a very wide angle, practically from the side, but an LCD monitor typically has a smaller viewing angle, needing to be viewed more directly from the front. CRT monitors are generally more affordable than LCD monitors. Inkjet Printer: Inkjet printers have made rapid technological advances in recent years. The three-colour printer has been around for several years now and has succeeded in making colour printing an affordable option; but as the superior four-colour model became cheaper to produce, the replaceable cartridge model was gradually phased out. With each new product on the market showing improvements in performance, usability, and output quality. Limitations: 1. Slower than a laser printer. 2. An Inkjet printer is a way to have color printing available. The color is sprayed onto the paper. 3. They can be expensive to operate if you do a lot of printing and it can be slow, and the output is faded. 4. Cartridges need to be changed more frequently and the special coated paper required to produce high-quality output is very expensive. 5. Inkjets work out to be more expensive than laser printers. Task One (M1) Software Packages 1. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 2. Adobe PhotoShop 8. 0 CS Win I have chosen two of the software, which I think are good for creating, capturing and manipulation graphic images. I have chose these because the company has the Microsoft Vista as their operating system and both of these work the best on and have been especially designed for Microsoft Windows Vista. Both of these can be used by professionals. I have explained the software and features it has for each. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 Corel released the newest version of its image editing suite, Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2. The new â€Å"X2† gives enthusiast digital photographers an entirely new set of tools to unlock their creative potential. It is packed with applications for downloading, viewing, sorting, and editing/processing images, is X2. The new graphite-coloured workspace is to enable users to concentrate on the image instead of the interface, but the graphite is mostly for the benefit of Vista users, and it can be operated to use the brighter XP-style colour scheme. The new features are very welcome, such as the automatic saving of every picture you work on into a sub-folder of its original folder, in effect creating a digital negative you can always revert to if things go pear-shaped during editing. There is tool which can make people look thinner than they really are. What it actually does is make a sort of digital pleat in the picture so that anybody under the cursor looks a little bit thinner, but the rest of the picture, including anybody unfortunate enough to be nearby, gets stretched to fill in the missing pixels and ends up looking slightly fatter. The Makeover tools, which are designed to hide blemishes, remove red-eye, whiten teeth and add fake tans, have been expanded with an eye whitener, just in case subjects have had a rough night before the shoot and are sporting bloodshot eyes that might give the game away. Features they give to the User: 1. Express Lab 2. HDR Photo Merge 3. Layers Style 4. Visible Watermarks 5. Auto-Preserve Originals 6. Photo Aging Tools 7. Compatibility with Photo Shop Plug-ins Features Explained 1. Express Lab: This helps users quickly view and fix multiple photos in the same amount of time it used to take to edit just one. Common tools such as crop, rotate, red-eye removal, makeover/blemish removal, brightness, saturation, and other quick fix tools. 2. HDR Photo Merge: High Dynamic Range (HDR) Photo Merge tool can combine two or more bracketed exposures in order to produce one perfect exposure. 3. Layer Styles: It can easily apply effects such as embossing, drop shadows, or even reflections that will automatically update whenever the underlying layer is edited. 4. Visible Watermarks: This feature allows to â€Å"stamp† images with a watermark. This is perfect for protecting copyright when uploading images online. 5. Auto-Preserve Originals: It will never lose favorite photos by mistake again thanks to a feature that automatically preserves the original photos when saved an edited version , giving a way to get the original image back in case making a mistake during the editing process. 6. Photo Aging Tools: It is a unique and easy-to-use feature with the ability to apply aging filters to images and make them look like film images from decades long ago. 7. Compatibility with PhotoShop Plug-ins: An excellent feature in Corel’s Paint Shop Pro Photo series is compatibility with â€Å"most† PhotoShop plug-ins and filters. Corel PhotoShop 8. 0 CS win Review This is the new version of PhotoShop and it’s the photo graphics editor standard against the other graphic software. It is used by more graphics professionals than just about any other photo-editing and paint program. The new version has the CS (Creative Suite) extension, which includes few new features for most types of user. Everybody should benefit from the improved file browser, which offers many of the features of photo album-style products. As well as viewing thumbnails, you can preview in different sizes before loading. There’s now a simple way to match colours between photo-objects, while leaving their underlying textures unchanged. This kind of colour replacement first appeared as a red-eye tool in PhotoShop Elements. Graphic designers will like this version of PhotoShop CS for its introduction of text on a path, with which you can create and edit text running at angles and along curves. You can also work on images up to 300,000 pixels square; large enough for billboard design, and develop multiple versions of graphics using layers to hold the version differences. Adobe includes Image Ready CS with PhotoShop CS. This Web image designer and editor offers improved multiple selection controls, direct export to Macromedia Flash and more compact HTML code when finished designing. These are the Features of this Software: 1. Professional toolset 2. Colour Correction 3. Enhanced layer control 4. Improved File Browser 5. Advanced Web capabilities 6. Healing Brush 7. Special effect filters 8. Advanced type control 9. Customized workspace 10. Unparalleled efficiency These are the top ten features of why should they get this product: 1. Professional toolset. This tool can help in creating original images or modifying photos using a full assortment of painting, drawing tools. 2. Colour correction. It can Improve the color, contrast of any image with a comprehensive set of professional color-correction tools. 3. Enhanced layer control. It can combine images, text, and effects on hundreds of layers that can be organise with up to five levels of nesting and save in different combinations as Layer. 4. Improved File Browser. It can quickly preview, tag, and sort images; search and edit keywords; and automatically share batches of files from the improved File Browser. Advanced Web capabilities. It can create sophisticated Web page elements, such as roll-overs and animations, using Image Ready. Healing Brush. It removes dust, scratches, blemishes, wrinkles, and other flaws with the Healing Brush. Special effect filters. It is easy to experiment and achieve amazing results by accessing more than 95 special effects filters, Preview and apply more than one filter at a time with the new Filter Gallery.   Advanced type control. People can add vector-based text that can be edited at any time, format, warp, convert to outlines, and use for masks or other special effects. Customized workspace. People can work the way that’s best for you by saving personalised workspace and tool settings, and creating customised keyboard shortcuts. Unparalleled efficiency. Users can automate production tasks with built-in or customised scripts and the actions palette which lets users record editing steps to quickly process batches of files. Graphic and Web designers can take advantage of the features that include improved file management, new design possibilities, a way to create for the Web, and support for 16-bit images, digital camera and non-square pixels. This Software can create the highest quality images more efficiently. Task Two (P2) 1. Monitor 2. Printer Monitors: The Company bought 17†³ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors. These are flat screen monitors. I believe that the LCD monitors take less desk space but I would suggest that the company change monitors from LCD to CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) because i think CRT monitors are still considered to have a better colour range and are easier to calibrate colour accuracy. These monitors are still very popular in graphic arts where high quality reproduction is important. Benefits: 1. The designs would be seen in better and true colours because most CRT monitors are capable of displaying unlimited colours. 2. It will have better resolution because CRT monitors are usually capable of displaying multiple video resolutions, each with the same quality. 3. There is no concern about the brightness of the monitor. 4. I think it will give a better preview from different angles because a CRT screen can be looked at from a very wide angle, practically from the side. 5. CRT monitors are generally more affordable than LCD monitors. I would suggest them to buy CRT monitors OR buy bigger LCD flat monitor because I think a larger monitor will accommodate all those floating palettes that modern graphic applications have and they will have more room to see the network. They can change from 17†³ to 21†³ a monitor which is an ideal for designers. Benefits: 1. Makes Clicking Easier – it’s easier to click on larger targets. 2. Enhances Readability – It’s easier to read larger fonts. 3. Better proof that it can work and look good – Design is working and looking good. 4. Some of the monitors produce excellent colour quality and they can be moved around for a better landscape and portrait mode. Printers: They already bought a Colour Laser Printer but which is Black and White. These printers are generally quite fast, but they are more expensive. These printers use technology similar to that of a photocopier to create high-quality printout at high speed. They are expensive, however, and they are generally limited to black and white. I would suggest the company to buy a printer which is colour because when looking at a design colour is the most attractive. Benefits: 1. Colour Laser printers replaces toner than cartridges, they are more expensive but it lasts more than a cartridge. 2. Output from the printer would be colourful. A hardcopy of the image can be seen in colour. Task Three (D2) An output for graphics is very important. There are different types of Outputs that can be used for graphics. 1. Monitor 2. Printer 3. Scanner. 4. Digital Cameras 5. Mobile Phones Monitor: A monitor is the screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seen. The monitor is the most common output device. Printer: You can print your output on hardcopy devices such as laser printers and plotters. Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only text. Other printers can print both text and graphics. Scanner: Scanners will take an image of a drawing or photo and converts them into digital images. Digital Cameras: A digital camera is a device that’s used for taking photographs, like a conventional camera. The image is stored in the camera in digital form. In order to see the pictures, the user connects the camera to the computer and views the images on screen. The pictures can be saved on disk and can also be edited, using a graphics package. Mobile Phones: A mobile phone can be used to take photographs like a digital camera. The image is stored in the phone memory. The user can see the picture by connecting the phone to a computer to view or manipulate. The pictures can be moved from the phone memory to the computer hard disk. Resolution is very important for any type of output device. Resolution Refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image. The term is most often used to describe how well an image matches with the original. The correct resolution for an image is determined by the output device (World Wide Web, Inkjet printer, laser printer, etc). 1. Printer Resolution – Measured by the number of ink dots per inch or (DPI). DPI is dots of ink, toner that is placed on a paper. 2. Scanner Resolution – The correct resolution for a scan is determined by the targeted output device or display. For Example, a scanned image will only be viewed on a computer monitor. 3. Digital Camera Resolution – When deciding on resolution needs, thinking about intended output is important. If digital camera is there only to create images for the web then a one Mega Pixel camera is sufficient. Size Size refers to the physical dimensions of an image. Image can be created by using inches and centimetres and by resolution using pixels. If the picture is for the screens (On a Monitor) then using pixels is a good idea but for printing using inches and centimetres is good. Colour The colour depth of the image is not same as the actual number of colours it contains. The colour depth tells the maximum number of colours the image is capable of containing. Images with the colour depth of 15 million colours look the best because they contain the most colours. However not all devices can display 16 million colours. For Example, GIF images, a popular format for the web (Monitor), can only contain 256 colours. It is very important that we keep in mind what the picture is for and where is it going to be viewed to audience. To improve performance of graphics output, most graphics devices provide some form of buffering. By default, Scheme’s graphics procedures flush this buffer after every drawing operation. The procedures in this section allow the user to control the flushing of the output buffer. When exporting an image for screen outputs, it’s very important what format of the picture is exported. These are few formats that are mostly used for screen and printing outputs. 1. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) 2. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) 3. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) 4. BMP (Bitmap) 5. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) JPEG is designed for compressing either full-colour or Gray-scale digital images of â€Å"natural†, real-world scenes. It does not work very well on non-realistic images and does not handle black-and-white. It is one of the most popular image formats used on the Internet. It can reduce a file’s size by as much as 96%. It is used when 24-bit colour are used and mostly when it is for Internet distribution. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) It is one of the two most common file formats for graphic images on the World Wide Web. It supports up to 8-bit colour images, and it is optimised for high contrast images and blocks of colours. It uses loss-less compression, GIF supports single colour transparency and animation and it does not support layers or alpha channels. It is used when a single colour transparency needed, when a single file animation is produced for use on the Internet and when the picture have fewer than or acceptable with 256 colours. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) It is a file format designed for the web graphics and is used to transmit and store bit-mapped images. It was created specifically for the Internet and other networks. It supports 24-bit colour with loss-less compression, one alpha channel, alpha transparency, and slightly better compression than GIF. The current generation of net scape Navigator and Internet Explorer may not completely support PNG and previous browsers do not support it at all. It also does not support layers. It is mostly used for high colour alpha transparency and for loss-less compression of high colour images. BMP (Bitmap) This was invented by Microsoft. Many graphics programs running under Windows, which support monochrome up to 24-bit colour formats, use the BMP format. The BMP format does not support image file compression. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) A TIFF is one of most widely supported file format for storing images on a computer. It can handle a range from one bit to 24 bits of photographic image, but as an older format, images saved as TIFF files tend to be larger than JPEG or . PSD formats. Tagged-Image File Format is a flexible bitmap image format supported by virtually all paint, image-editing, and page-layout applications. Also, virtually all desktop scanners can produce TIFF images. Affects of Output devices:   Colour is most important thing which affects everyone’s eye on any of the output. Monitors: Monitor size will affect the design output because there are designs which look differently when we view by using wide screen monitor rather than normal standard screen.   TRC monitor can harm the eye sight, because of the UV radiation, however LCD monitors aren’t dangerous for the eye sight but if you have a TRC kind monitor you could put a filter to protect the eyesight. Printing: 4. When printing a hardcopy from a printer, the most important thing is that what paper is going to be useful and what printer is required to print out the original design.

Urban Social Issues Concerning Tourism in PNG

This purpose of the research is to find out does squatter settlers is an impediment to tourism growth in Madang town. The social issues and problems arising in Madang town are always in relation to rising settlers (e. g. wagol, admin compound and govstoa). There are many factors of that can hinder tourism growth such as law and order problem, political unrest and the economy crisis of the country. In each province, they have their own problem or issues that can destroy their own image for example in Lae, pick pockets by street vendors.Tourism in Madang has been developing in a very rapid pace from the previous years and is one of model province in PNG. Alongside is the rise of mining industry outside Madang town, new businesses to cater for the new emerging industry such as the Marine Industry. All these development have cause settlements in Madang Town to increase. The research is to signify what are the main impacts of squatter settlements on tourism in Madang. The increase of sett lements in Madang can be result of tourism development and other recent industrial development such as the Ramu Nickel.Most of the people living in squatter settlements such as wagol, govstoa and admin compound are employed and contribute to the economy of Madang Province. However, most of the street sellers, pick picketers, drug dealers, beggers are also living in settlements. In addition, most tourism business in towns depends on its employees living in settlements. With the increase of social problems in Madang town are always the settlements are to be blame. This is a major barrier to the tourism industry as its give bad image to Madang Province and as Papua New Guinea.Moreover, living standards of settlements are in a very poor state such as wagol, gov stoa, and addressing this problem through tourism is a very challenging era of tourism industry. Hypothesis The hypothesis of this research is to find out why squatter settlers are main hindrance on tourism industry. If illegal s ettlers are to be blame for the rise of criminal activities in town, what are the impacts that might hinder tourism development? Is squatter settlement the only cause of social problems in destroying the status of Madang province as one of the major ourist destination in PNG? Apart from squatter settlers, are there other problems that are hindering tourism development in Madang Province? How can Madang provincial government and administration address the issue in relation to tourism and squatter settlements? Are there any links between tourism and squatter settlements in terms of community development through tourism? How can the provincial government intervene with tourism industry to solve this issue? The research needs to find out the challenges of tourism that might face through tourism development in Madang province.Decarmation of Terrain of Study Since the research is on the barrier between tourism and the settlers, the welfare of the people will be more considered in avoiding biased report. There could be limitations such as time to carry out the research, finance to fund the research and atmosphere where the research will be conducted. Defining of Terminology/Concepts The terminologies that will be use in this research will be tourism terms combined with social terms. It will be define clearly and explain accordingly to its origin.Most of the terms will be related to tourism and the social issues concerning its barrier to tourism development. Indication of the Importance/Significance of the Research The research should be taken because Madang town is experiencing the rise in domestic immigrants and illegal settlers. The tourism industry should consider the impacts of squatter settlements as they are seen as the contributing factor to criminal activities such daylight robbery, pickpockets, street sellers on the rise, pollution and poor living conditions.All this activities destroys the status of Madang and portray wrong image to the outside world. This research will determine well formulated strategies by the tourism industry and the Madang provincial government to minimize crime rates in Madang. Moreover, squatter settlers may not the only barriers to tourism and other industry development but an important part in the growth of the economy of Madang province. They also contribute to the growth of the economy which most of them are employed in the informal sector and formal sector.Literature Survey. David Kindak Gera (2003) does research on squatter settlement: A hindrance to socioeconomic development in Madang Town in partial fulfillment for the course requirements for the PG415 Research Dissertation in the Department of Arts/PNG Studies. He found out that Government departments and private employers see settlements and shanty towns as home of criminals, convicts, harlots and drugs addicts. As well as landowners blame settlers for the criminal activities done in Madang Town. These three stakeholders of Madang town development ent irely believe that settlements and slums are breeding grounds for rascal activities.He also argued that most people living in the settlements are decent citizen and do not get themselves involve in any criminal activities. Few of them especially the cognates and kinsmen who are seen as vagrants involve in criminal activities and tarnish the reputation and every settlement inhabitant seems to be the victim. The research done by David Kindak Gera is so significant to my research because it includes all point of views from three stakeholders on Squatter settlements spoiling the image image of madang town. John Connel and John Lea (2002) publish a book Urbanization in the Island Pacific towards sustainable development.They explore the diversity of the urban experience in the ten independent island states, focusing on strategies to secure long-term sustainable development. This book can help me formulate ideas and recommendations for tourism development alongside with squatter settlement s in Madang Town. According to the Papua New Guinea University of Technology, squatter settlements conference proceedings, Manandhar & Baloiloi (editors) presents the grips of the solution to the urban settlement crisis in Papua New Guinea that is becoming more and more acute in recent years.It hopes to help squatters in their quest for better living and in making cities a more livable place for everyone. These conference proceedings will help me in my research to create arguments on the current squatter settlements in Madang Town and how it could be manage in through tourism development. Resettlement Issues, Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja, Nigeria’s Federal Capital research done by Ibrahim Usman JIBRIL, Nigeria This paper examines these problems and its implications on land administration in the FCT.It argues that policy inconsistencies as well as lack of serious efforts and political will by the government have militated against a last ing solution to these problems within the FCT. Until these issues are properly addressed, the implementation of the Master Plan would be a very difficult task to accomplish in the long run. It also examines the recent new Government approach involving all stakeholders. It is expected that once this programs succeed, it would serve as a model for future resettlement programs within the FCT and possibly for Nigeria in general.This literature could help indentify weakness and strength of the Government in handling the squatter settlements. Its also useful in formulating strategies for the Madang Provincial Government to tackle the issues of urban settlements destroying the image of tourism. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives will be collected and will be used both primary and secondary data. The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of background information, needed by in order to build constructively the project and the reader to com prehend more thoroughly the survey outcome.Research Method Primary data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with the local landowners. Secondly, interviews will be also carried out with providers of accommodation services and members of the local authority and if possible the visiting tourists. The main purpose of this study is to obtain an insight into the current development of rural tourism in the area of Bialla in order to propose further recommendations for efficient rural development.

International Human Right issues in Oil and Gas Law Essay

International Human Right issues in Oil and Gas Law - Essay Example This is majorly to hold vital meetings and pass crucial resolutions that affect the globe as a whole5. It is worth noting that the first meeting was held in January 1946, two months after its formation. Since the year 1947, the 24th of October has been tagged the â€Å"United Nations Day†. Formed after the failure of the League of Nations, UN’s main function is to maintain peace. Through this, it aids conflicting countries live in harmony hence improve living conditions of its citizens and the world as a whole. This results to the world becoming a better place to live in pegged with the maintenance o human rights and the protection of the environment6. Though its main building is located in the New York City, he UN has significant and vital offices situated in Nairobi, Kenya; Geneva, Switzerland; and Vienna, Australia. It is worth noting that UN sometimes aids some countries in fighting. This is clearly seen when it helps South Korea against North Korea in the 1950s. Moreover, in the early 1990s, UN laid a helping hand to Kuwait forcing Iraq soldiers out of its soil. The League of Nations did not participate in this significant issue. Through its peacekeeping forces, the UN has tried positively, sometimes failing, to maintain peace in countries that have had long term was7. These forces are currently keeping peace8 in Liberia, Afghanistan, Haiti, and Cyprus among other nations9. The UN has six divisions, termed as the principle organs. This aid in division of labour hence effectively providing services to the member countries. The principle organs exist as the Secretariat, the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic Social Council (ESC), and finally the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The General Assembly is composed of all the member states. It has the mandate of yearly meetings, from September to December. Matters that arise enclosed in the UN chatter are discussed in

Peace According to John Locke and Thomas Hobbes Essay

Peace According to John Locke and Thomas Hobbes - Essay Example Fundamentally, it is human nature that is focused upon in such theories, and this helps to explain the manner in which situations develop through time. Generally, it can be asserted that any theory that applies to society needs to have some kind of perspective on human nature too that would help to explain the situation in which man lives today. Whichever way one views human behavior, the present condition today has to be explained through that particular perspective. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes are two social theorists that took human nature into great consideration in their work, and they each explained the manner in which society developed through this behavior. They also explained how society functions and how things have come to be socially and politically speaking through this behavior. Specifically, one of the their main areas of focus is 'peace' and how human beings up hold the idea of peace. Locke and Hobbes each have interesting views on this subject, and address it in the ir renowned works: John Locke's Second Treatise of Government and Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan. The subject of peace for John Locke in his 'Second Treatise of Government' is viewed from a particular angle. ... t is not a state of licence: though man in that state have an uncontroulable liberty to dispose of his person or possessions, yet he has not liberty to destroy himself" (C H A P. II. Of the State of Nature: Sect. 6). This clearly refers to suicide, and that in a liberal society people are not supposed to take their lives. Locke further asserts that it is wrong to take anyone else's life too. He asserts that man " has not liberty to destroy himself, or so much as any creature in his possession" (C H A P. I I. Of the State of Nature: Sect. 6). If one takes his or her own life or anyone else's, peace in society would be disrupted, as people would be disturbed. Also, others might resort to the same action and worsen the situation. Natural Law: With regard to John Locke's idea above, he bases his reason for this on his explanation of mankind's origin. He asserts that human beings do not have complete freedom to make decisions. Human beings must consider what is right and what they are answerable to. Locke refers to belief in God through this view, and this is evident when he writes about the state of nature. Locke asserts, "The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions: for men being all the workmanship of one omnipotent" (C H A P. II. Of the State of Nature: Sect. 6). Therefore, Locke asserts that whenever one takes a step in society, s/he ought to consider what a higher authority expects of him or her. It needs to be emphasized here that this view requires one to have a firm belief in a superior being. Undoubt edly, it may be asserted that such belief does aim

An Examination of Means of Application and Core Function in Predicting Assignment

An Examination of Means of Application and Core Function in Predicting Crime - Assignment Example Using the example of the New York City Police Department, given in the prompt for this essay, one understands that the key inputs that the police department interfaces with in regards to building the outputs and feedbacks that are generated is made available through a weekly process of data input. In this way, personnel from New York City Police Department’s precincts, service areas, and transit districts compile a statistical summary or overview of the week’s crime data. In this way, crime patterns, arrests, complaints, and other verifiable and measurable data of significance are collated and entered into a database. This process represents the input phase, or data gathering phase that forms the very backbone of the process of CompStat. It is important to note that this process itself is the most important as it is the only stage in the process where human inputs can directly affect and oftentimes skew the results that are reported. For this reason, an individual depar tment has been set up within the Chief of Police’s office; labeled as the CompStat Unit. As such, the unit is directly responsible for winnowing, sorting, and inputting in the correct fashion, any and all pertinent information that could be of use with reference to developing a type of predictive policing to ultimately reduce the level of crime displayed within the city’s regions and precincts. ... For this reason, an individual department has been set up within the Chief of Police’s office; labeled as the CompStat Unit (Willis et al 2012). As such, the unit is directly responsible for winnowing, sorting, and inputting in the correct fashion, any and all pertinent information that could be of use with reference to developing a type of predictive policing to ultimately reduce the level of crime displayed within the city’s regions and precincts. Once the inputs have been entered into the system, the second phase of analysis then takes place; that of processing of the determinant data. This stage is reliant not upon the level of analysis that individual humans would otherwise perform; rather, it is entirely dependent upon the algorithms and likelihood matrixes that CompStat itself can infer from the inputs it has been given. As with the old cliche with regards to a computer program only being as good as the programmers that programmed the code, the same is true with relation to CompStat as it is but a tool and should not be seen as a perfect representation truth or overall infallibility. As has been stated with the input stage that has previously been discussed, the processing of the data and the outputs that it ultimately yield is solely reliant on the quality and voracity of the information that is loaded into the system. In other words, only a quality level of inputs will be processed and related into a quality level of outputs from which a degree of reasonable and actionable inference could foreseeably be drawn. The heart of the CompStat process therefore relies on each step of the process; however, for purposes of evaluation, the third step, or the outputs, is of perhaps the most interest. Within this step, a team of

Enhancement of Customer Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Enhancement of Customer Satisfaction - Essay Example I would like to thank the Kempinski team who allowed us to access the data, especially Katherine de Fountain who always provided us with a lot of valuable information as well as arranging the interviews. Â  This study mainly explores how luxury Hotels make use of guest technology to improve customer satisfaction. The researcher focuses upon which factors that have a relationship between them, in guest technology, employee satisfaction, and customer satisfaction; the critical factors of CRM that achieve the highest service quality; the role of guest technology in increasing customer satisfaction and service quality. Â  In this paper, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research is used, which includes questionnaires and interviews to collect primary data and found out that there were problems of service efficiency, service quality and customer data management, etc. existing in hotel management. The data is analyzed using SPSS software. The result from the data indicates that guest technology can improve service quality and efficiency, as well as manage customer information to improve customer satisfaction, which suggests that guest technology will play an important role in hotel management in the future. This research uses Kempinski Geneva as an example, analyzing the guest technology that Kempinski already had, combined with future trends and customer readiness. Â  The global economic integration makes the sources of customers of the hotel industry more diverse. As market channels are getting broader, the hotel industry is also facing more intense competition, with increasingly fierce and rising customer expectations, which force members of the industry to continually seek for methods to further expand marketing channels, improve service quality, reduce management costs and improve customer satisfaction to enhance the core competitiveness of hotels’. Â  

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Assignment

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles - Assignment Example A company can be able to make informed financial decisions basing on the financial statement preparation. Such statements make work easier for governments’ tax authorities as the profit, which they ought to tax, is clearly indicated. This reduces the time they can spend trying to calculate the taxable profits of each business entity operating in the country. Most countries, however, have ditched the GAAP system to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) accounting system. The International Accounting Standards Board established the IFRS systems and hence it has the mandate of its maintenance. One of the countries that quickly adopted the IFRS accounting system in Australia and the first financial statement prepared to observe the IFRS system was on June 30, 2006. Another notable nation that does not use the GAAP system is Russia whose process of shifting has been long. The country started the process of shifting to using IFRS in 1998 and only became successful in early 2012. The IFRS has numerous advantages, which are the main reasons why these countries decided to use them. Companies in these countries can be easily compared amongst themselves as they apply the same standards in preparing their financial statements. This is particularly used when comparing companies in different countries who use the same standards. Investors are most concerned about the comparing results as they try to ponder the most profitable country to go and start a business in. since most countries use the IFRS system, the comparability is easy and done on a wide scale attracting many investors (H olt, et al 54). The flexibility of the IFRS system compared to that of the GAAP might have been another reason why these countries decided to ditch the latter. Countries prefer a system whose approach is principle-based rather than rules-based philosophy applied in GAAD.  

English composition 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English composition 2 - Research Paper Example There are a number of social and economic factors, which promote illicit and offensive behavior in young adults, such as, loneliness, poverty, disorganized family structures, and materialism. The types of crimes associated with juveniles usually include bullying, theft, drug abuse, and disorderly conduct. However, current researches show that some juveniles also commit serious crimes, such as, homicide, arson, vandalism, robbery, assault, auto theft, and rape. â€Å"On average, juveniles were arrested for violent robberies or carjackings at least once a day last year, an almost 50 percent increase from 2007† (Klein). In this paper, we will discuss the importance of reducing juvenile crimes. Moreover, we will also discuss some ways, which can be used to reduce the rate of juvenile crimes in the United States of America. Reduction in Juvenile Crimes In today’s world, the issue of juvenile crime has reached its heights all over the world and the United States of America is not an exception. It is the responsibility of the government of the United States to take such measures, which should not only result in the reduction of juvenile crimes but also in eliminating their root causes.

Malachi Stacks in the Matchmaker Essay Example for Free

Malachi Stacks in the Matchmaker Essay In the world of business there are always those men and women who are not recognized for the contributions they make to certain products, projects, or works even though without them the result would never exist. Nonetheless, these people go on with their daily lives working hard, knowing that all their dedication is going to benefit others and not them. Yet, they can’t blame the big companies for not being recognized, because these men and women do this willingly. They are fully aware that their actions serve a purpose to the greater rather than a personal one, and for them that is enough. Such people do not need the recognition of others because they themselves know the importance of their actions. One example of such a human being is portrayed in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. His name is Malachi Stacks, and though he only shows up on stage two or three times, he is the one who gives the entire production meaning. Malachi is the person who sets into motion a series of events that completely change not only the characters, but also their lives. With this character, Thornton Wilder takes what used to be just a regular farce comedy and gives it meaning which makes all the difference, Malachi Stacks makes all the difference. Thornton carefully crafted the role of Stacks in such a way that made him distinct from the rest of the characters. Even with being in his fifties, sadness and depression are entirely absent from his life. Every line spoken by him has a joyful feeling to, and almost puts a smile on the reader’s face. Even at times when he is being put down by Mr. Vandergelder, joy is felt in his words. Wilder makes Malachi seem like a little adolescent, who has not yet been exposed to reality, and still thinks the world is perfect. However, all this is just an image that Malachi establishes for his own purposes. He makes people believe he can be trusted by pretending to be respectful and following orders. Malachi creates a relationship between himself and the others, especially Mr. Vandergelder, which makes him seem gullible and easy to control when in fact it is he who controls them. This sort of maneuver is portrayed very well in his first scene with Mr. Vandergelder, in which he says â€Å"You’ll never regret it, Mr. Vandergelder. You’ll never regret it.† It is such a simple line, and yet there is so much there. Malachi makes it seem like he is just another man who is happy about getting a job, when in reality he is masking his true intentions behind these innocent words. The real reason Malachi is happy to have gotten the job, is because he now has the ability to fix the inequality which exists between Vandergelder and the others. Truth be told, Malachi is actually the only individual who see this flaw amongst the characters, and he knows it should not be there. Therefore, by formulating this sort of innocent personality, Malachi Stacks gives himself the perfect opportunity to finally bring equality into the lives of the characters. It all happens in Act III when Mr. Vandelgelder is having his coat taken off as his purse filled with money falls to the ground. Malachi, knowing that the primary reason for such inequality amongst the characters is their financial situations, takes his chance to balance the scale. However, he does not make a big deal out of it. Malachi simply takes the purse, asks Vandelgelder if it’s his, and since the response is no he gives it to Cornelius. It’s very quick, subtle, and seems like the right thing to do. Yet, even though what he did was so simple, it was enough to bring equality into their lives and he knew that. By asking Vandergelder whether or not the purse was his, Malachi tested him to check if he deserves the money. For in his short little monologue that he has right after picking up the purse, Mr. Stacks says â€Å"The law is there to protect property, but- sure the law doesn’t care whether a property owner deserves his property or not, and the law has to be corrected†. Therefore when he asked Vandelgelder â€Å"Did you drop something† the real question was â€Å"Are you worthy of all this money that you have†. Vandelgelder responding quickly said no, and that was enough for Malachi to know that the money deserved to be in the hands of someone else, Cornelius. It is also at this point that inequality begins to slowly disappear between the characters. First, Cornelius and Barnaby are able to pay for their expensive dinner and truly impress Mrs. Malloy along with Minnie. Then Mrs. Levi finally tells Mr. Vandergelder what she thinks of him when he cannot pay the bill, and that is when he finally realizes what kind of man he is. Slowly through scenes like these, the balance between the characters begins to even out and by the end, everyone is happy, joyful, and most of all the inequality amongst them completely vanishes all thanks to Malachi Stacks. Though Thornton chose Malachi to be the tool for equilibrium amongst the characters by having him â€Å"redistribute the superfluities†, the part also is important when it comes to the moral of the story. Of course, after reading The Matchmaker it safe to say that there are multiple lessons to be learned from this play, but one of the main ones shows up in Malachi’s monologue. Right after discussing the entire matter of redistributing property, Thornton has the character talk about how one man should not have more than one vice. In fact, he ends his line with the words â€Å"One vice at a time†. Now this entire concept might seem abstract, because after all even in today’s world vices are looked down upon. However, Thornton shows what two vices can do to a man by having Malachi use Vandergelder’s wrongs against him. His first true frailty is that in his own world Mr. Vandergelder sees himself a king, where no one can stop him because he has so much money. The second is his passion for money. In fact, his first vice comes from this one, because to him a person who has more money has more authority. So instead of merely having Vandergelder destroy himself through his vices, Thornton uses Malachi to show how having more than one vice is recipe for destruction. First, he uses Vandergelder’s attitude towards himself to gain his trust, by pretending to be loyal to him. Next, once Vandergelder thinks he has him under his control, Malachi uses the second frailty against him taking that which is most precious, his money, and giving it away. By using both of these flaws in his master’s character, Mr. Stacks brings Vandergelder into a state of despair where he has lost everything that made him, a King in his own mind. One man. Three Scenes. Yet without him, The Matchmaker would never be the same. Thornton Wilder made a smart decision in imgaging such a character, because he is developed in such a way that his importance to the whole play is not realized until the conclusion. For with just a simple action of handing off a purse to Cornelius, Malachi made a ripple effect which changed the course of the entire production and made all the difference. Malachi Stacks made all the difference.

Greek civilization Essay Example for Free

Greek civilization Essay Eros is defined as the representation of the Greek god of love, Cupid, intimate and physical love, or sexual desire (Dictionary Website, 2010). Eros had been the one of the most popular themes used in literature and arts, particularly the works from the Renaissance period and the Era of Romanticism. So often was it used as a strong bond between two beings, whether it be a heterosexual or homosexual. It captivated the interests of not only poets but also philosophers from different time periods. Two of the most distinguished icons of Greek civilization had incorporated Eros in their works; Plato in his Symposium and Sappho with her poetry. Both interpretations for Eros clashed with each other. It was quite understandable seeing that both famous figures practiced different arts; Plato with Socratic philosophies while Sappho had her mythological-influenced poetry. Each may have an opposing definition of Eros; however, one could not deny that their Eros also carried risks. This essay would like to discuss what the risks behind varying definitions of Eros are and what the precautions in overcoming the problem are. Plato wrote on his Symposium the past events circling his predecessor, Socrates, and his debates with his followers before his execution. Eros, according to both Plato and Socrates, is a common desire that sought beauty through ideas. Love and wisdom should be treated in the same manner as the hunger for beauty and philosophical curiosity is endless. Eros is above physical intimacy. Sexual intercourse is considered by these philosophers as nothing more but giving in to animalistic instincts, hence considered as being on the same level with dogs and donkeys. Eros produced from rational discourse or exchange of ideas is the ultimate pursuit of beauty (Idea). It appears that Eros for Plato is often one-sided love; reciprocity is not a requirement for attaining it. The desire itself is sufficient for one philosopher. The risk in Plato’s Eros is that there is an imbalance of emotions. It seems that only one party had to do the labor while his significant other could just float away. This seems to contradict with the reciprocity requirement; how could two beings achieved the Ideal Beauty if there was no exchange of discourse? This was also inquired by Hippothales, who shared the same preference with Socrates for beautiful young boys in the Symposium. Socrates berated Hippothales’ spoiling of his ardent desire in the form of the boy Lysis. Quoted from the Symposium, Socrates stated, â€Å"the greater your praise of his beauty and goodness, the more you will seem to have lost and the more you will be ridiculed This is how you should talk to your boyfriends, Hippothales, making them humble and drawing in their sails, instead of swelling them up and spoiling them, as you do† (Reeve, 2007; Mosely, 2005) Sappho’s poetry, on the other hand, defined Eros differently. She considered her poems as a public medium between her and the audience. Gestures, dancing, and music are required on her poetry recital to enchant or persuade the listeners the message she was delivering. In her most noted poem the phainetai moi, Eros is defined as force of power or magic, to the point of describing its strength as godlike. Sappho interpreted Eros through the love shared and bonded by women, quite the irony to Plato’s Symposium. Personal encounter is the focal point in this poem. Sappho measured this encounter with passionate and erotic emotions. Eros is seen as ritualistic, almost pagan. Sappho seemed to celebrate Eros through a communal setting with the oral recital of this poem. Compared to Plato where Eros is seen as the ultimate stage to enlightenment through rational discussion, Sappho is quit more liberal, artistic, and more vocal on displaying the emotions on Eros. Eros is defined as a feeling of what is lacking and always seeking to fill this emptiness. The risk on Sappho’s Eros is that one foot is on reality while the other is on fantasy. Passion alone would not help a man to keep his sanity. This Eros could blind the men’s sight on intellect, similar to how Dionysus made his follower frenzy with lust and inebriated. To prevent of being overwhelmed by this Eros, one must keep his mind working and to think several times before allowing one’s self to be swallowed by emotions. Society’s norms would keep this insanity at bay as the people would rather follow their traditions and laws rather being ostracized (Greene, 1996; West, 2010). References: Reeve, C. D. C. , Plato on Friendship and Eros, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/fall2008/entries/plato-friendship/. WEST, ELEONORA. Eros. May 4 2010 http://www. bookrags. com/research/eros-eorl-04/. Greene, Ellen. Reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1996 1996. http://ark. cdlib. org/ark:/130130/ft3199n81q

Executive Summary Of The Nestle Company Business Essay

Executive Summary Of The Nestle Company Business Essay Business is a never ending race and in the fast running world of business, there is variety of products and shops, showrooms, setups and etc. The main purpose of this report concerns the research managing conflicts in organization. The organization that is chosen for our research report is NESTLE. Data and observation analysis, recommendations for managing conflicts is also discussed. The methods used for collecting data for this report are surveys, questionnaires, personal observations, personal interviews, newspapers, internet etc. In the first section, we had given an introduction about the chosen organization NESTLE and then a brief description about nature of conflict in the organization and its various types and causes of conflict. The second section is consists of literature review, in which we had discussed the theories and research papers of different researchers where they explain about conflicts and its causes in an organization and moreover how an organization can prevent those conflicts with best possible solution. The third section comprises of research methodology, research nature, data collection techniques and sampling method. In section forth we have scrutinized the primary data by different graphical and statistical tools. In final section we have given possible conclusions along with recommendations. CHAPTER # 1 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO NESTLE Nestle was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland. It has employed around 250,000 people and has factories or operations in almost every country in the world. It is one of the worlds biggest food and Beverage Companies. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. 1.2: PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The purpose of the research is to find the variable which has leads towards conflicts in Nestle Organization. The main purpose of the research is, firstly, to identify the causes of conflicts in Nestle and, secondly, to manage conflicts in Nestle organization. 1.3: BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY All of us experience some type of conflicts in our daily lives. Tensions, antagonisms, and frustrations always occur when people work together. There are disagreements, perhaps even fights, between employees and the supervisor or between co-workers. Aside from personality clashes, people simply have different viewpoints about the way things should be done. The main purpose of conducting the research is to find out the conflicts, and finding the ways to manage and solve them in an organisation. In this context we have got the opportunity to conduct our research on one of the top organizations (Nestle). 1.4: DEFINITION OF CONFLICT Conflict is defined as the state of discord caused by perceived or actual opposition of needs, interests and values. A conflict can be internal or external. The concept of conflict can help to explain many social aspects of life such as social disagreement, fights between individuals, groups, or organizations and conflict of interests. In political term CONFLICT can refer to revolution or struggles, war, that may involve the use of force named as armed conflict. Without proper social resolution, conflicts in social settings can result in stress among stakeholders. When an interpersonal conflict does occur, the effect of it is often broader than two individuals involved, and can affect many associate individuals and relationships, in more or less adverse and sometimes even humorous way. Conflict as taught for graduate and professional work in conflict resolution which is defined as when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals, seek to undermine each others goal-seeking capability. One should not confuse the distinction between the presence and the absence of conflict with the difference between co-operation and competition. In competitive situations, the two or more individuals or parties have mutually inconsistent goals, either party try to reach their goals it will undermine the attempts of the other party to reach theirs. Therefore, competitive situations by their nature cause conflict. However, conflict can also occur in cooperative situations, in which two or more individuals or parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which individuals or party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other individuals or party. A clash of values, interest, actions often sparks a conflict. Conflict also refers to the existence of that clash. Psychologically, conflicts exist when the reduction of one motivating stimulus involves an increase in another, So that a new adjustment is demanded. Even when we say, theres a potential conflict we are implying that there is already a conflict of action though a clash may not yet have occurred. 1.5: NATURE OF CONFLICT Conflict may constructively be viewed as resulting from differing belief systems, varied perspectives on the situation and values resulting from participants accumulated life experience and conditioning, differing interests and objectives. Effectively dealing with conflict requires the expression and management of participants varying interests, belief systems, perspectives and values. Through the integration of participants perspectives, belief systems, interests and values, conflict and conflict resolution play important roles in individual and social evolution and development. Conflict arises when one or more participants view the current system as not working. At least one party is adequately unhappy with the position, that they are willing to own the conflict and speak with the hope of being able to influence the situation to arrive at an improved condition. Conflict may be sight as a process we put ourselves through to attain a new condition and self definition. Through conflict we have opportunities to be artistically self-defining. If nothing else, conflict allows us in future to do things differently. Through the resolution of conflict, we can evolve and redefine ourselves, our community, our relationships our society and our world. 1.6: LEVELS OF CONFLICT 1.6.1: Inter divisional conflict Inter divisional conflicts exists between the perceiver and another individual within the organization. Although the other person does not need to be aware of the conflict, the perceiver of the conflict situation recognizes the present or future impact conflict can have on job performance. 1.6.2: Intra group conflict Intra group conflicts occur between perceiver and his or her immediate group within the organization. The immediate group can consist of work team, department or union. Whether fully or only superficially aware of the conflict issue, the perceiver realizes that the conflict can directly or indirectly affect job performance. 1.6.3: Inter group conflict It arises between the perceivers immediate group and another group within the organization. Again, the perceivers involvement may not be critical, but he or she must be aware of the situation and the potential impact the conflict can have on work performance. 1.6.4: Organizational conflict Organizational conflict is a state of disagreement caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. 1.7: TYPES OF CONFLICT A conceptual conflict can rise into a verbal exchange or result in fighting.Conflict can exist at a variety of types. These are Community conflict Diplomatic conflict Emotional conflict Environmental resources conflict Group conflict Ideological conflict Interpersonal conflict Inter-societal conflict Intrapersonal conflict Organizational conflict Religious-based conflict and Workplace conflict . 1.8: CAUSES OF CONFLICTS 1.8.1: Authority relationship Authority Relationship conflicts occur because of the existence of strong pessimistic emotions, misperceptions or stereotypes, poor communication or miscommunication, or repetitive negative behaviors. Authority relationship problems often increase disputes and lead to an unnecessary rising spiral of destructive conflict. Supporting the secure and balanced expression of perspectives and emotions for acknowledgment (not agreement) is one effective approach to managing relational conflict. 1.8.2: Management style For any organization to be effectual and efficient in achieving its goals, the people in the organisation need to have a common vision of what they are determined to achieve, as well as clear objectives for each individual, group/ team and department. Management style also needs ways of recognizing and resolving conflict between people, so that conflict does not become so serious that collaboration becomes impossible. The management of any organisation needs to have ways of keeping conflict to a minimum and of solving problems caused by conflict, before conflict becomes a major obstruction to work. Management style helps to avoid conflict where probable and organizing to resolve conflict where it does happen, as rapidly and smoothly as possible. 1.8.3: Communication barriers: Conflict will be greater when barriers to communication exist. If parties are separated from each other physically or by time e.g.; the day shift versus the night shift-the opportunity for conflict is increased. To illustrate suppose a company employs only one plant supervisor, who works the day shift and leaves orders at the beginning of each week for the workers on the night shift. By the end of the week, how ever, these orders have been only partially carried out. The supervisor cannot figure out why. Obviously, the supervisor absence from the night shift has posed a communication barrier, which in turn causes decreased output. As Bryans, P, Cronin argued in 1984 that Space or time separations could promote isolated group interests rather than advance a common effort towards joint goals. 1.8.4: Personal factors 1.8.4.1: Behavioral The way emotional experience gets expressed which can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-intentional. 1.8.4.2: Physiological Its defined as the bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions make us feel in comparison to our identity. 1.8.4.3: Cultural values Culture tells people who are a part of it, Which emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations and what emotions are to be felt. 1.8.4.4: Physical This escalation results from anger or frustration. 1.8.4.5: Verbal This escalation results from negative perceptions of the annoyers character. 1.9: WAYS OF ADRESSING CONFLICTS There are basically five ways of addressing conflicts which were identified by Thomas and Kilman in 1976. These are 1.9.1: Accommodation Ones party surrenders its own needs and wishes to accommodate the other party. 1.9.2: Avoidance Avoid conflict by ignoring it, changing the subject, etc. As an expedient means of dealing with very minor, non-recurring conflicts or Avoidance can be useful as a temporary measure to buy time. In many cases, conflict avoidance involves severing a relationship. 1.9.3: Collaboration Working together can find a mutually beneficial solution. Collaboration can also be inappropriate and time-intensive. When there is not enough respect, trust or communication among participants for collaboration to occur. 1.9.4: Compromise Finding a centre point where each party is partially satisfied. 1.9.5: Competition Take the ones point of view at the potential expense of another. It can be more useful when achieving the ones objectives outweighs ones concern for the relationship CHAPTER # 2 2.1: LITERATURE REVIEW Different researchers have published their reviews on conflicts in the organization. We are viewing two best reviews of the researchers articles. Mr. Philips in 1982 threw light on some of key conditions, which may lead to serious organizational conflicts; he gave his views in the book named as Community in Organization. According to M Phillips certain social relationships characterized various kinds of conflict behavior. Each one could occur in your work area. The more aware the managers are of these conflict settings, the better are the chances of correcting them and running a smooth operation. Mr. Philip identified communication as problem in his research. The causes of conflicts are structural factors, authority relationships, common resources, goal differences interdependence, jurisdictional ambiguities, specialization, status-inconsistencies, personal factors, communication, conflict management style, cultural differences, emotions, perception, personalities, skills and abilities, values and ethics. The researcher found a possible solution; it is obvious that a perfect communication system is unlikely. But also perfectio n like rationality will not be achieved; organizations do have mechanism by which they can attempt the communication system as clear as they can. Philips also suggested that there are such devices available which can reduce the distortion and complications in communication process and suggested that communication recipients should be aware of the biases of the message senders and protect their own counter biases as protection devices. James M Leif John M Penrose in 1997 in the book Business Strategies Skills 5th Edition explained the nature of organizational conflicts identify the causes of conflicts i.e. Structural Factors, Common Resources , Goal Differences , Interdependence ,    Jurisdictional Ambiguities, Inconsistencies ,Personal Factors Communication barriers, Conflict management style ,Cultural differences ,Emotions Perception, Personalities, Skills and abilities, Values and Ethics, Behavioral and Physiological Cognitive. The researchers say that it is possible to avoid conflict by having mechanism such as voting to make decision without the disagreement of consensus. They also find that behavioral regulation fail to match the individual need of employee, conflict is bound to occur. In 1995 B R Siwal in his research Resolution Strategies to Conflict describes that conflict is a necessary and integral part of effective problem solving and realistic discussions. It is core sound of decision making because disagreement is the best vehicle for enlargement the perspective, discovering alternatives, and motivating creative interaction among each member. The effects of disagreement, though, depend on how it is administer by team members. Conflict can be integrative and constructive or it can be distributive and disruptive. When mismanagement occur, conflict can demolish team effectiveness, when handled well it can deeply enhance the quality of team work and make members sense proud of their work in the team. Training in the nature of conflict and the ways of managing it is an imperative need of all the people who participates in problem solving groups, such as those that make up work teams. The negative association of conflicts wants to be dispelled and substitute with more practical conceptions that made the justifiable distinction between disruptive and constructive conflict. When team members see that conflict can be a positive strength in conversation, they are better prepared to take up effective proposal attitudes and behaviors in trouble solving situations. Further more the differences between integrative and distributive conflict can help them learn how their own behavior contributes to the atmosphere of the team which they belong. Davor Dujak in 2008 describes in his research that in every organization conflict encounters on a daily basis. The conflict cannot be avoided but it is probable to mange them in a way that we identify them on time. It is essential to constantly track the organizational signals which position to their existence. If Organization does not respond accordingly, this can lead to the condition that conflict itself manages the organization. One of the more important determinants of productivity, performance and efficiency and finally the job satisfaction is also the conflict as an independent variable of organizational behavior. By systematic research of organizational behavior we want to make a positive influence on the dependents variables, but first we have to realize and get a good approaching to the individual elements of organizational behavior. In 2004 Melanie Lewis describes in her research that if conflict managed poorly or avoided, it can be very costly to an organization. If managed well, conflict presents an opportunity to uncover significance and promote a healthy work place. Many organizations are finding that their conflicts management systems have been good by financial investments, generating a healthy return. In additional they are recognizing the value of many less substantial benefits (lower turnover, increased efficiencies, improved morale and improve public relations). A precise four phased process assessment, design, implementation, operation and evaluation helps organizations design effective conflict management systems to gather the maximum benefit of conflict system. Moreover this four phased approach strongly encourages the team actually to seek to understand and incorporate the needs and interests of all affected constituency, and creates an environment in which the benefits of the system can be effecti vely communicated, implemented and administered. In 2010 De Dreu C.K describes in his research that conflict is a multidimensional with both relationship and task forms. Hence it is expected that if they change the managing type of conflicts, it will plays an important role in organizational performance. While if organization did not manage good, the conflict will plays a negative role. However the researcher discussed only two types of conflicts in his research namely affective and task conflict in order to play better role in organizational performance. After studying the reviews of different researchers, we will take help from different researches but our group decided that we will follow the research of M Philip because they dictate information about factors which are important for identifying conflicts and understanding the meaning of conflict and how it influences the organizations internal environment in solving problems. CHAPTER # 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1: Research type: The type of research that we are conducting is applied research because it is conducted for a particular organization. Applied research is practical applicability of research tools on a particular organizational situation. 3.2: data collection We will be collecting our data by using two sources which are as follows. 3.2.1: Primary data Our primary data is collected through conducting interviews and designed questionnaires from managers and employees of Nestle. 3.2.2: Secondary data The secondary data is collected from past records of Nestle and books along with business articles to support our recommendations and suggestions. 3.3: Sample size During this survey we have taken responses from a Sample size of 30 which is further divided into two groups. We also conducted survey from 10 managers and 20 employees. The sampling type that we used is non random sampling technique because we want to get information from every third employee and manager of Nestle organization. Our survey is in questionnaire and interview form, so our questionnaires consist of open ended and close ended questions. We have conducted unstructured interviews, asked from the respondents to get more information. CHAPTER # 4 ANALYSIS 4.0: INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is a practice in which the raw data is ordered and organized in order to extract useful information from it. The process of organizing and thinking about data is the key to understand what the data does and does not contain. There are varieties of ways in which people can approach data analysis, and it is infamously easy to manipulate data during the analysis phase to push certain conclusions. There are different methods for analyzing the data for example surveys, charts, frequency tables, graphs and personal observations etc. We have analyzed our data through frequency tables and bar charts. 4.1: FREQUENCY TABLE Frequency table is one of the important concepts in mathematical statistics and a good analyzing tool. A table divided into cells by category with counts for each category in each cell. It is a kind of display of a given data, in which the frequency of each data item is found. The frequency of a data item is the number of times it occurs in the data set. 4.2: BAR GRAPH A graph consisting of parallel, usually vertical bars or rectangles with lengths proportional to the frequency with which specified quantities occur in a set of data. A bar graph is a pictographic version of statistical data in which the independent variable can attain only certain discrete values. The dependent variable may be discrete or continuous. The most common form of bar graph is the vertical bar graph, also called a column graph. This type of display allows us to: Compare groups of data, and To make generalizations about the data quickly. 4.3: ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRES 4.3.1: FROM MANAGEMENT 1) More than the desired output of the employees make can be harmful to the organization?     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 9 No 02 1 Table: 4.3.1.0 Graph: 4.3.1.0 2) There is a free flow of communication among the employees:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 10 No 02 0 Table: 4.3.1.1 Graph: 4.3.1.1 3) Employees are properly informed about decision taken?     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 7 No 02 3 Table: 4.3.1.2 Graph: 4.3.1.2 4) There is a consistency among the management policies:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 8 No 02 2 Table: 4.3.1.3 Graph: 4.3.1.3 5) Key post should be through:     Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direct Appointment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  b) Promotion Variables Codes Frequency Direct appointment 01 8 Promotion 02 2 Table: 4.3.1.4 Graph: 4.3.1.4 4.3.2: FROM EMPLOYEES 1) From how long have you been working in this organization?   6 months 1 year 3 years Or more than 3 years Variables Codes Frequency 6 months 01 4 1 year 02 2 3 years 03 10 Or more than 3 years 04 4 Table: 4.3.2.0 Graph: 4.3.2.0 2) What kind of boss do you like to work with?   Friendly Competent Leant Difficult Variables Codes Frequency Friendly 01 17 Competent 02 3 Leant 03 0 Difficult 04 0 Table: 4.3.2.1 Graph: 4.3.2.1 3) Which type of leaderships style do you like the most? Autocratic Democratic Variables Codes Frequency Autocratic 01 18 Democratic 02 2 Table: 4.3.2.2 Graph: 4.3.2.2 4) How does your management is doing the evaluation among the employees? Performance base Merit base Variables Codes Frequency Performance base 01 18 Merit base 02 2 Table: 4.3.2.3 Graph: 4.3.2.3 5) Which management level should be responsible for problems between employees? Choose any of the following Top level Middle level Lower level Variables Codes Frequency Top level 01 2 Middle level 02 17 Lower level 03 1 Table: 4.3.2.4 Graph: 4.3.2.4 Q6: How do you communicate the unforeseen problem with your manager or general manager?   Answer: Most of the respondents suggested that they like to meet the general managers directly for any unforeseen events. Q7: Do you think your organization should involve the employees in decision making? And why?   Answer: Most of employees consider that their managers are capable of taking right decisions and there is no need of involving employees. While few of them suggested that it can be a source of new and creative ideas. Q8: What can you suggest for a better management system?   Answer: Most of the employees have no idea about it. Few of them believe that friendly environment and better salaries can improve management system. 4.6: INTER ORGANISATIONAL CONFLICTS OF NESTLE The nature conflicts found out through the personal (unstructured) interviews and through questionnaire with the director the manager of NESTLE Peshawar are as follows: The first thing, which was found was the lack of training given to the employees, they said that in the organization, employees always have to work together in groups, and if some one feels that he/she cannot work within the group, then there is some problem with that employee, but at the same time they said that it is the organizations responsibility to teach the employees how to work together in groups through proper training. They mentioned that without training the organizations might face serious types of irresolvable conflicts, which are definitely not fruitful to the organization. The second main reason mentioned by the manager of the company was the Selection Biases, he said that selection biases may also lead to conflicts within the company, and these conflicts are normally personal as well. The manager said that if in cases the top management interferes in the process of hiring the employees, they might select the wrong person for the right job. On the other hand there may be serious conflicts going on between the manager the top management on the issues of authority and responsibility balance. Further if the manager takes big decisions like job confirmation, salary decisions, then, there may be conflicts, these must be taken by the top management. The manager of NESTLE also raised the point of communications problem. They believe that every informations must communicate from their tables.. If in any case any employee bypasses the manger, there may be a conflict between them. He also said that there is no need of any employee who bypasses the manager to access to the top management. Usually the organizations do have Coordinators who are directly answerable to the top management. He said that the manager will not be able to properly deal with him and conflicts between them will arise. The manager said that young unmarried employees usually indulge in office politics and make conflicts among the employees. According to him only married and experienced persons should be provided with the jobs. Racial problems also create conflicts among the employees. Bad attitude of the manager and arrogant nature of the boss is also one reason of conflicts. The manager said that effective person but highly cooperative person would be proffered in place of an efficient but uncooperative one. The manager presented the following ideas to prevent conflicts: Contractual Jobs Hire fire system. Authority to the manager Some of them had a bit different views. He held the middle managements capabilities responsible for the conflicts within the organization. He also said that there is no relationship between the authority and reasonability with the conflicts. He proffered the autocratic style of management in the beginning, but it should be shifted to the democratic style in the later portions. He said that although the centralized system slows down the process of working, but it will also decrease the conflicts between the employees. They said that, if you (Employee) have to be successful in the company, then you have to become a big YES SIR. He also mentioned that horizontal conflicts are more common. Super seeded persons normally indulge in making conflicts. He said that super seeded persons should be terminated in place of super seeding them. Dress code can experience the resentment from the employees due to Ethnic affiliations to some dresses. They was strongly in favor of Coordinator, he said that a coordinator channels the communication process between the manager and the top management. He also gave the following ideas to prevent the possible conflicts in the organizations: Promotions Clear line of Authority Not more than one employee from same Regional locations and same institutions/Universities. CHAPTER # 5 5.1: CONCLUSION The Organizational Conflicts is itself not a problem, but it is a serious symptom of some factors that are usually ignored while designing the organizational structures. From the literature review, theoretical framework, , taking samples (convenience) analysis of the data gathered, some factors are identified that usually are the root cause of the conflicts. Some of these are: Ethnicity Personal Jealousy Arrogant behaviors (low temperament) Communication problems Due to the nature of the issue the responses from the top, middle lower management were totally contrary with each other. For this purpose the structured interviews were conducted and intentionally the format of the questions in interview and questionnaires were kept same. That made the deductions possible by comparing the non verbal responses and the rephrasing the same questions two-three times to check the consistency of the replies. The ethnic issue is the most important and it justifies the hypothesis. Due to ethnicity no sampled branch has been successful in implementing the dress code yet. Even though, all the respondents favoured it. It is observed that employees belonging to NWFP are very low tempered. Their frequency of jobs switching is higher than o

Discipleship Essay -- essays research papers

Discipleship At the mention of the word "disciple", the image most people conjure up is that of a faithful pupil, a person more than willing to follow the teachings of their leader without question. However, the early disciples didn’t always conform to this stereotype. In fact, they sometimes showed a complete lack of faith, finding it extremely hard to accept Jesus’ word in their hearts. Jesus appointed twelve disciples to symbolize each of the twelve tribes of Israel. In doing so, it were as if he were replacing the Old Judaism with his new covenant. This symbolized a new, more personal relationship with God through his Son Jesus Christ. In choosing his apostles, Jesus showed us that the call is open to all of us, as his chosen twelve all had a different trade, and led varying ways of life. With such a mixed group, it is no wonder there were a few differences of opinion. A good example is the relationship between Simon the Zealot, and Matthew the tax collector. While Zealots were political freedom fighters, tax collectors were the hated collaborates of the Romans. Therefore you can imagine that tax collectors and zealots, if left to their own devices, were normally sworn enemies. However, Matthew and Simon still managed to live relatively peaceful lives together, putting into practice the commandment "love thy neighbor as thyself". They were called, and rose to the challenge of that call by their commitment to respond. It was not necessary to posses any special quality to be a disciple of Jesus, and they were all of them far from perfect. Take Peter for example. He wasn’t particularly quick-witted. In fact, he often had trouble grasping the message Jesus was trying to get across, as shown in the Parables, where in the Parable of the Sower, (Mk 4:1-9), he found it no easier then the rest of the disciples to understand God’s message. Neither did he have unquestionable faith. He demonstrates this (as did the other disciples) when they were all in a boat together with Jesus in the middle of Lake Galilee on a particularly stormy night. He and the other disciples became so frantic with worry that they decided to wake Jesus (who was sleeping peacefully with his head on a pillow) (Mk 4:35-41) . Surely, if you cannot feel safe when you have the Son of Go... ...as possible is enabled. It may also be said by some that far fewer people are as devoted to Christianity as they were in the past, as we no longer have prophets, or the Son of God Jesus to guide us. However, there are still many people who are choosing to enter the Holy Orders, and all these people can serve as an inspiration to us all. People such as these are still choosing to leave their loved ones in order to devote their lives to God. Also, when Jesus preached his Good News almost 2000 years ago, there were no fewer people then there are now who opposed to his teachings. However, the one thing that the Christians of the past had that none of us will probably have the opportunity to see in our life times are miracles performed first hand. While it is true that humans have a tendency to believe only what they see, the Bible has, and will continue to be a great source of inspiration for many. It is true that the Bible is the closest thing we will ever get to an understanding of Jesus’ way of life and Christianity, so the Christian faith will remain to be, for us, an unraveled mystery.

Preparing for Success in a High Tech World Essay -- essays papers

Preparing for Success in a High Tech World The expectations of teachers when faced with teaching and learning technology can often be a difficult subject. Teacher technology standards can often be hard to define and preparation is needed to ensure the quality of both the teacher and their student’s education. The intention of this paper is to examine educational practices and training experienced by teachers to guide them in the process of implementing classroom activities designed to meet National Educational Technology Standards (NETS). National Expectations of Teachers According to the NETS website, its main goal is to develop standards to guide educational leaders in recognizing and addressing the essential conditions for effective use of technology to support Pre K-12 education. The standards that are being developed and refined are to build a technology foundation and set student standards (which will reflect the teachers teaching skills), the connection of the curriculum and technology, educational support standards, standards for student assessment and evaluation of technology use in learning and teaching, accredited teacher preparation programs, unit guidelines, and general standards for all teachers. These standards are what is shaping the future of educational technology and how it used by both teachers and students. Hopefully they will go into affect soon so that the nation can evaluate what areas of technology need the most attention. A Strong Hold on Technology To ensure a teacher is able to instruct technology properly adequate training must be provided . As well as a large effort put forth by the instructor to gain the knowledge of technology and to be able to teach it. The National Educational... ...rview.html This site went over the ISTE standards as well as overviewed the NETS project and offered other related links. (2000). Teaching and Learning on the Internet. Technology Standards for Teachers. Retrieved September 22, 2003, from http://dragon.ep.usm.edu/capstone/tonette/nets.html This site went over six steps for teaching and learning on the Internet from educational operations and concepts to ethical issues to help teachers understand what, why and how to teach technology. (2003). US Department of Education. Department Seeks Broad Input for New National Education Technology Plan. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2003/05/05232003.html This site went over how the US Dept. of Education was going to go about implementing a plan for new technology education and Rod Paige the Dept.’s secretary was directly quoted.

Ethics Case Study Essay

What are Ethics? Ethics are standards of behavior, developed as a result of ones concept of right and wrong (Judson & Harrison, 2010). Code of ethics is a list of principles that is intended to influence the actions of healthcare professionals within an organization. Ethical principles help guide the decision-making process among healthcare workers in complicated situations. This paper will review the assigned case study and provide the reader with the ethical issues and principles. The case study discussed an 8-month old child brought into the emergency department by the mother due to inconsolable crying. It was reported that the child had been crying since picked up at daycare. The nurse found that the child’s vital signs were slightly elevated and child’s thighs were edematous and warm to the touch. The assessment was then presented to the physician; concern was expressed that the child may have been injured. An x-ray was ordered revealing fractures to both femurs. The mother was informed of the findings by the physician; after speaking with the mother the physician decided it was not child abuse and therefore, the situation did not need to be reported. The ethical issues involved in this case study are the nurse and physician’s responsibility to report suspected child abuse. Social services should have been consulted to assist in the process of reporting the situation to Child Protective Services (CPS). Hardy and Armitage state â€Å"In all actions concerning children, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration† (2002, p. 109). In this case, the primary consideration was not in the best interest of the child. According to Judson and Harrison the physician has the responsibility to understand the tools for diagnosing and treating abuse and to be familiar with the available resources (2010). The nurse in this case has the ethical duty to report the physician for not having concern regarding a possible child abuse situation. Healthcare professionals have an ethical duty to expose unethical behaviors by other members of the healthcare field. Nursing has progressed over the years into a respected and honorable profession. Insaf Altun (2008) states it best by saying, â€Å"The six key roles  of nursing are: advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy, in patient and health systems management, and education† (p. 839). The two key roles the nurse in this case study failed to provide for the patient are advocacy and promotion of a safe environment. If the nurse was using good moral and professional judgment, he or she would have reported the situation immediately for the wellbeing of the child. Three of the ethical principles that are discussed are nonmaleficence, veracity and paternalism. The first ethical principle is nonmaleficence, meaning first do no harm (Judson and Harrison, 2010). A question asked by Milton and Cody (2001 p.290) was, â€Å"How can one keep from doing harm if one acts without knowing what the reality of the lived experience is for the person?† In the case study, neither the nurse nor physician knows what happened to the child or the reality of the circumstances that led to fractured femurs. The healthcare professional would have upheld this ethical principle and the law by reporting the suspected abuse, thus doing no harm and protecting the child from further harm. Another ethical principle that the physician could have used is veracity. The ethical principle of veracity deals with the truth or truth telling (Henry, 2005). The physician in this case should have discussed the health status of the child with the mother, made a â€Å"good† moral judgment, and told the mother the incident must be reported to CPS; the case could have been presented to the mother in a non-accusatory manner. The physician should have been reported for assuming the incident did not need to be reported. Furthermore, the nurse should have stepped forward and reported the incident, thereby promoting veracity on behalf of the case at hand. The third ethical principle in the case study to discuss is paternalism. At times paternalism viewed as a negative act because it allows healthcare providers to make decisions for the patients (Andre & Velasquez, 2008).The facts in the case study provide for an excellent example of when paternalism should be exercised. The nurse or physician in the case study could have used paternalism as a guiding ethical principle to do what was right for the  safety of the child by reporting the incident. The child has no voice to defend or protect him or herself and in this situation, the nurse should have advocated for the patient. The three ethical principles mentioned above are valued in my personal and professional life as a mother, nurse and student. The first ethical principle discussed nonmaleficence has been a personal value of mine throughout my life, used in all aspects of my life. The second ethical principle, veracity is maintained most of the time. I believe there are situations where telling the person the whole truth would not have an optimal outcome. The third ethical principle mentioned paternalism is used at times in my professional life as a nurse and in my personal life as a mother. The outcome of the case study could have been optimal for all involved the child, mother, nurse, and physician if the situation occurred at a children’s hospital. The likelihood of staff in a children’s hospital to have the proper training on signs of, diagnosing, treating, and reporting suspected abuse is much higher than an adult focused medical center. The American Association of Heart Failure Nurses incorporates ethical principles in the respect of advancement of care, education, and research to promote the best outcomes for patients’ with heart failure. One ethical principle used by the association is beneficence; this principle is used by providing evidence-based research, treatment, and education for patients and healthcare professionals. Using evidence-based medicine the association is giving optimal care for this patient population. Using ethical principles healthcare professionals can ensure they are making good moral decisions regarding care and treatment of patients. The ethical principles do not have to be a value of the healthcare professional, but must be upheld for the best interest of the patient. References Altun, I. (2008). Innovation in behavior patterns that characterize nurses. Nursing Ethics, 15(6), 838-840. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from EBSCOHost database. Andre C. & Velasquez M. (2008). For your own good. Retrieved April 21, 2009, fromhttp://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v4n2/owngood.htmlHardy, M., & Armitage, G. (2002). The child’s right to consent to x-ray and imaging investigations: issues of restraint and immobilization from a multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of Child Health Care, 6(2), 107-119. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from SAGE database. Henry, L. (2005). Disclosure of medical errors: Ethical considerations for the development of a facility policy and organizational culture change. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(2), 127-134. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from SAGE database. Judson, K. & Harrison, C. (2010). Law and ethics for medical careers (5th ed). New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Milton, C. & Cody, W. (2001). The ethics of bearing witness in healthcare: A beginning exploration. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14(4), 288-296. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from SAGE database.