Legalization Of Marrijuana Essays - Drug Control Law,

Legalization Of Marrijuana Introduction In 1620, the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock bringing with them thousands of gallons of beer and other types of liquor. This was believed to be enough for them to sell or trade with the natives in return for products like a body relaxer. The Native Americans introduced the Pilgrims to tobacco and other forms of drugs such as Marijuana. By the 1900's, the country noticed marijuana, a psychoactive drug, was dangerous and needed to be controlled. Later, between the 1960's and 1970's, the United States found itself in another period of drug intolerance. From then on the government started to crack down and began to embrace drug enforcement. The government spends an average of 2.3 billion dollars each year on drug enforcement. Also each year over 400,000 people die in the United States through drug crime and over doses. So many people talk about Marijuana like it is not even a drug. In my opinion, I think that more people smoke weed then smoke cigarettes. The government says that it is a gateway drug , but most of the people that I know that do it have never tried another drug other then marijuana. Throughout this report I will give you different views from different people on the legalization of Marijuana. The Youths Point of View I interviewed ten people for this report and they mostly all had the same opinion on this subject. Nine out of the ten people I interviewed said that the government should legalize marijuana. Most of them had an attitude of Why not legalize it? You can get it anywhere at any time. It is not like you have to go far to find it. Just ask a few people and sooner or later you will either find some or be pointed in the right direction to find some. They also made a good point that if it is legalized it might actually turn some people away from using it. If it were legal, there would be no more adventure or fun in breaking the law to try to get some, which some people like more than actually doing the drug. The one person that said the government should not legalize it also had a few good points. She said that if it were legalized, there would be a lot more cases of cancer each year. There will also be some people that if they do legalize it, they will use it excessively. Those people may use all their money to buy marijuana and become burn-outs. She also said that the government would not legalize it because they tend to make more money off of it illegally. When the police make the drug busts most of the money goes to the government anyway. The Governments Point of View According to the recent Gallup Poll, almost one-half of Americans report that either they, someone in their family, or a close friend has used illegal drugs. Twenty-eight percent of the one half characterized the drug use as moderate, while twenty-nine percent described it as a serious addiction. More than half of those who reported knowing someone with a moderate or serious drug problem were living in a household with incomes of $35,000 or more and almost all were white. The drugs are not a problem to just the inner city kids, it effects the poor, rich, suburban, and most minority groups. Every American is affected by drug problems. Also if marijuana is legalized there will be new tax revenue. The government would get a lot of money from sales of marijuana. The government would also make more money because they could charge any amount of money for it, and knowing them there will be a lot of impurities like they did with cigarettes. The Police Point of View The police look at it from a lot of different perspectives. One of their perspectives has to do with money. They spend millions and millions of dollars each year in drug enforcement. Perhaps they have not considered that when they make drug busts, a percent of that money goes to their department. So in a way the money is evened out from spending the money on enforcement, they get their money back when

Benito Cereno essays

Benito Cereno essays After reading Herman Melvilles Benito Cereno, it is clear to me that Melville views the institution of slavery as a cruel and inhumane act. Slavery is the evil of the story. The slaves on the San Dominick rebelled because they were treated cruelly. It is wrong for one person to own another and look down upon them and treat them poorly. Evil seems to breed evil, and therefore, the slaves revolted with violence. In the story there are two captains; Benito Cereno and Captain Delano. Cereno is captain of the San Dominick, and although he is the captain of the ship which holds the slaves, he is truly a good man. He too seems to be a victim of evil. The slaves rebellious behavior turned him into a very edgy and nervous man. Although he may not seem like a good guy, Cereno showed his goodness when he jumped into Delanos boat to warn him of the danger that lied ahead for his crew and himself. Delano is alo a simple, good-hearted man. He is a good captain and runs his ship well. While on the other hand it seems that Cereno does not have that much experience. That is why Delano immediately went and offered his assistance to Cereno when he saw the San Dominick aimlessly wandering about the waters. Delano does not always see things as they really are because he is a very naive person, and it is because of this trait that he does not really realize all that is happening aboard the San Dominick. At the times when he did have a suspicion about the happenings of the ship, he would just tell himself he was being silly and forget about it. After he actually realized the chaos that was happening aboard Cerenos ship, Delano sent his crew to take down the slaves, and it is he who saved Cereno and the ship. ...

Understanding the MBA Degree

Understanding the MBA Degree The MBA (Master of Business Administration) is a postgraduate degree that is awarded to students who have mastered the study of business. This degree option is available to students who have already earned a bachelors degree. In some cases, students who earn a masters degree return to school to earn an MBA, though this is less common.   The MBA degree is widely believed to be one of the most prestigious and sought-after degrees in the world. Students of MBA programs study the theory and application of business and management principles. This type of study equips students with knowledge that can be applied to a variety of real-world business industries and situations.​ Types of MBA Degrees MBA degrees are often split into different categories. For example, there are full-time MBA degree programs (which require full-time study) and part-time MBA programs (which require part-time study). Part-time MBA programs are sometimes known as Evening or Weekend MBA programs because classes are typically held on weekday evening or weekends. Programs like this allow students to continue working while they earn their degree. This type of program is often ideal for students who are receiving tuition reimbursement from an employer.   There are also different types of MBA degrees. For example, there is the traditional two-year MBA program. Theres also an accelerated MBA program, which takes just one year to complete. A third option is an executive MBA program, which is designed for current business executives.   Reasons to Get an MBA The main reason to get an MBA degree is to increase your salary potential and advance your career. Because graduates who hold an MBA degree are eligible for jobs that would not be offered to those who hold only a college degree or high school diploma, an MBA degree is almost a necessity in today’s business world. In most cases, an MBA degree is required for executive and senior management positions. Some companies will not even consider applicants unless they have an MBA degree. People who hold an MBA degree will find that there are many different types of employment opportunities that are available to them. What You Can Do With an MBA Degree Many MBA programs offer education in general management along with a more specialized curriculum. Because this type of education is relevant to all industries and sectors, it will be valuable regardless of the career that is chosen after graduation. Learn more about jobs for MBA grads.   MBA Concentrations When it comes to the MBA degree, many different disciplines can be pursued and combined. The options shown below are some of the most common MBA concentrations/degrees: AccountingBusiness ManagementE-Business/E-CommerceEconomicsEntrepreneurshipFinanceGlobal ManagementHuman Resources ManagementInformation SystemsMarketingOperations ManagementStrategic/Risk ManagementTechnology Management Where You Can Get an MBA Degree Much like a law school or medical school education, the academic content of a business school education does not vary much between programs. However, experts will tell you that the value of your MBA degree is often directly related to the prestige of the school which grants it. MBA Rankings Every year MBA schools receive rankings from various organizations and publications. These ranking are determined by a variety of factors and can be very useful when choosing a business school or MBA program. Here are some of the top-ranked business schools for MBA students: Best U.S. Business Schools: A ranking of the best business schools located in the U.S.Best Canadian Business Schools: A list of the business schools in Canada.Best Part-Time MBA Programs: A ranking of the best part-time MBA degree programs. The Cost of an MBA Degree Cost Getting an MBA degree is expensive. In some cases, the cost of an MBA degree is four times as much as the average yearly salary earned by recent MBA graduates. Tuition costs will vary depending on the school and the program that you choose. Luckily, financial aid is available to MBA students.   Nowadays, there are many different options for potential MBA candidates, but before making a decision, you should evaluate each one before settling on the MBA degree program that’s right for you.

Conflict management and negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflict management and negotiation - Essay Example In almost every task,preparation spells the difference whether the task has a big chance of being a success or coming out as a failure,A good plan means that the communicator is able profile the other person to acquire as much information as possible on how to interact with that person that would bring about the best results Furthermore, during the course of a conversation for negotiation or conflict management, a good communicator should be aware of the reaction of the other person. Just like Newton's Third Law of Physics, â€Å"for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction† (Bonito, 2004, p. 705). Reactions could range from verbal to non-verbal cues. After a conversation, the communicator should be able to reflect on the ways he or she is able to converse with the other person (Gross & Alberts, 2004, p.252). What went wrong? What was good? How can things be improved? Furthermore, a deeper reflection would have the communicator realize the many possibilities of how the words would be absorbed by the other person (Bonito, 2004, p. 706). Completing this process would eventually result in better communication skills for the person, particularly in terms of negotiation and conflict management. This paper aims to analyze the responses from the questionnaire and come up with a reflection on improving the weaknesses in the cognitive communication competence of the respondent. COGNITIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2 Summary of Responses Planning Cognitions Questionnaire answers show that planning cognition is not the strongest ability of the respondent. However, it is also not weak. Diction, tone of voice, and facial expression appear to be the primary concern in approaching another person. â€Å"What the others are thinking or talking about?† appears to be the key question in the planning process. This is a safe approach because it shows that the respondent considers the other person before starting a conversation. The downside here is that the respondent could be considering the other person too much, which could affect the planning process. Modeling Cognitions Upon review of the responses, this appears to be one of the strengths of the respondent. The respondent shows a sharp skill in sizing up the situation and the reactions and responses of the people involved in the conversation. This is obvious in group conversations, where the respondent shows a great ability to detect whose approval to immediately gain in the group. There is some sort of a political sense at play during this process, where the respondent is smooth in the subtle skill of â€Å"divide and conquer.† Presence Cognitions This appears to be one of the respondent's strengths in communication and negotiation. The respondent is able to proactively think of the next step even before everyone else has moved forward. This stems from the respondents ability to size up the environment and the people involved in the conversation. Rebuttals to arguments are almost non-existent, because they are answered before they are even expressed. The respondent also knows how to inject his/her COGNITIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 4 position by subtle control of the flow of conversation. Reflection Cognitions The respondent shows a need for improvement in this area. After every conversation, a thorough reflection of what occurred should immediately follow. This would ensure a better interaction the next time he or she encounters the same people, especially if about the same topic. Moreover, the respondent should also reflect on the image he or she is able to portray to others. No process is perfect as it is, and a constant desire to learn from what has transpired is a good characteristic for continuous development. Consequence

The Richard Bruno Hauptmann Trial Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Richard Bruno Hauptmann Trial - Case Study Example After two days, the body of the baby was found dead leaving no suspect. The investigation of the crime which includes the autopsy and the ladder has lead to a conclusion of inside job. But two years after the crime was committed, gold certificates were reportedly being used in New York. After how many days, Richard Hauptmann was tracked down and was arrested but stated his innocence in the crime. He informed the investigators that he got the gold certificates from the properties of a friend but he was still charged with the case because more gold certificates were found in his house. Prosecutors laid three aspects involving Hauptmann in the case. First is the ransom bills hidden in Hauptmann's garage. Second is the link of the beam from Hauptmann's loft to the ladder used by the kidnappers and third is the claim of handwriting experts that the handwriting used in the ransom notes were written by the suspect. The 20-month old victim, Charles Lindbergh Jr., was the son of the famous aviator, Charles Lindbergh, and poet and writer, Anne Lindberg. Charles Lindbergh is considered as one of America's hero and is the first man to fly in Atlantic using a one-engine airplane. After the kidnap-murder of the 20-month old Lindbergh baby, many had pitied the family and had supported the investigation up to the trial of the case. But after Hauptmann was sentenced to death, many have doubted the fairness of the trial. The trial of the Lindbergh case was questionable in terms of the following: (a) The missing and distorted evidence. Hauptmann claimed that he worked at the Majestic Apartments at 72nd Street and Central Park West during the day of the crime until 5:00 P.M. giving him no time to travel to New Jersey and commit the kidnapping. The contractor of the accused had signed a receipt proving that Hauptmann was on his work until 5:00 P.M and it was submitted to the Districts Attorney. But during the presentation of the records, the receipt was nowhere to be found. Documents showing that the accused was employed before the day of the crime, were distorted. Also the prosecution changed their testimony that the accused had worked before the crime was committed instead claimed otherwise. (b) Voice recognition When Charles Lindbergh was first asked if he had recognized the voice of the kidnapper during the giving of the ransom, he stated that it is impossible for him to recognize the voice. The following day, when he was again asked, after hearing Hauptmann saying the words said by the kidnappers, he claimed he was very sure that Hauptmann's voice was the kidnapper's voice. (c) Nearly blind eye witness Why would the court allow

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Essay Example for Free

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Essay Over the past five weeks, work was completed on an employment compliance plan, compensation, and benefits strategies plan, performance management strategies suggested, advise given on training plans, and this week, we will provide recommendations on recruitment and selection strategies. Within these suggested strategies, the importance of implementing the following will be highlighted, the goals for Bollman Hotels, anticipated demographic changes, analysis of projected workforce needs, objectives of workforce diversity, branding of the organization, methods for recruiting, screening, and selecting candidates. Organizational Goals Bollman Hotels has net revenue of $100,000,000 with a 15% growth expected within the first year. A workforce of 25,000 employees with plans to increase by 20% with the expansion to India and the current employee turnover is 5%. Based on this information and the stage of their business development, they will need to enter the Indian market fiercely, but with as little interruption to the tourism industry as possible. Therefore, Bollman will have to be competitive and establish a premier hotel chain that will lure international travelers seeking the exotic, heterogeneous, and lavish experience by offering elitism while on business or pleasure (Incredible India, n. . ). It is recommended that the goal of Bollman Hotel’s in India is to open and operate at a five star deluxe status and be competitive with hotels such as Taj Falaknuma Palace, ITC Hotel Kakatiya, Park Hyatt, Hderabad, and The Ashok, just, to name a few (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, 2013). Therefore, Bollman Hotels will be a premier chain while aligning itself with the Government of India’s to urism and hotel requirements (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, 2013). Forecasted Demographic Changes Bollman Hotel’s entrance into the Indian market also means a shift in the demographics. Affluent international clients visiting Bollman hotels will bring notoriety to the region that they are located resulting in an economic boost. A thriving emerging economy means Indian Nationals (both men and women) experience a socio-economic change with an increase in jobs and income in that region. Additionally, with the increase in birthrates, the candidate pool has increased and Bollman will help to provide these well needed jobs (Chua, 2012). Five-Year Workforce Plan Based on the organizational goals and demographic changes, it is recommended that Bollman adopt a three-step plan to analyze its present workforce. This will help to identify the needs over the next five years (Analyzing Your Workforce, n. d. ). First step includes a supply analysis – evaluating current resources and includes the number of persons performing specific job functions in Minnesota, how many are supervised by one person and is it sufficient. What is the current pay rate in Minnesota and what will work best in India and what are the areas that contribute the most to the current 5% turnover rate and what will decrease it (Analyzing Your Workforce, n. d. ). Second step recommended is a demand analysis that will evaluate the future needs of Bollman Hotels. This analysis will determine the jobs necessary for optimum service, the jobs that can be combined or eliminated, the possible technological changes to operate best and the areas that can be performed more economically and effectively (Analyzing Your Workforce, n. d. ). The final recommended step is a gap analysis that will identify a projected need that has not been met or an excess. This is done by comparing the supply and demand results. Based on the results received from the gap analysis, solutions such as additional training, increased staff, and more efficient recruitment and hiring processes can be done over the next five years (Analyzing Your Workforce, n. d. ). Workforce Diversity Objectives Diversity is the variations that exist in an organizations based on age, gender, educational background, ethnic groups, culture, and working customs (Lai, 2013). Workforce diversity helps to manage the change that has taken place in the workforce from a manufacturing to a service industry that Bollman Hotels provides (Cascio, 2013). Second, market globalization is another factor and with Bollman’s move into an international market, it is important that they understand their internal market its customers to operate best (Cascio, 2013). Third, many businesses are requiring increased teamwork (Cascio, 2013). Bollman has experience with this demand in Minnesota with peak operating seasons and have had to increase the number of personnel that work at once. The same will apply in India. Fourth, there are increased mergers and strategic international alliances (Cascio, 2013) and with Bollman’s international move, there will be a difference in the corporate culture. Therefore, it is recommended that diversity training is provided. Finally, India is an evolving economy and with an expected increase in diverse workers such as women it is imperative that Bollman Hotel workers understand that the aim is to provide quality service to everyone (Cascio, 2013). Organizational Branding Organizational branding is essential at this point of the recommendations to Bollman Hotels. With a goal to be known as a five start deluxe hotel, it is important to put the name Bollman Hotels in the Indian market and among the local areas in the United States and Europe known for international business travel. It is recommended that this is done through traditional advertisements in local papers in the language of each country and most important and relevant to these recommendations, through hiring diverse employees (Cascio, 2013). This will ensure that Bollman is known to help create a boost in the Indian economy and the demographics as previously mentioned, hence, causing more word-of-mouth marketing internationally. Also, the service standards and five star statuses will also be something to rave about. Methods for Screening Candidates It is important that Bollman Hotels has a process for screening candidates; therefore, recommendations will be made for interview methods, testing procedures, and interview process considerations, all of which will cover the screening process. Interview Methods Employment interviews allow organizations to have an idea of the skills and personality traits that a candidate possesses (Cascio, 2013). It is therefore recommended that Bollman Hotels interview team have interview questions built on-the-job analysis done. Create general questions for all candidates, use thorough rating scales with descriptions of desired behaviors as scale points and recording notes focused on the behavior of the candidate. It is also recommended that several interviewers are used with a diverse number of them and that vast training is provided on how to conduct interviews. Interviewers are also encouraged to wait until all interviews are complete prior to discussing any candidates and finally, use statistical information and overall views of the candidates to decide (Cascio, 2013). Interview Process Considerations To ensure that the interview is a fair process, it is recommended that the panel focuses on-the-job competencies, assess resumes and applications by concentrating on specifics in line with the job requirements. Consider things that identifies if a candidate meets the requirements and skills that they possess from precious employment that are applicable (Cascio, 2013). Use open-ended questions to stimulate elaboration on topics and use questionnaires that will highlight how well someone will perform and overall fit. It is also recommended that scenario type questions are used as this will give an idea of how they will handle specific situations (Cascio, 2013). Finally, given this is a US company going into India, it is recommended that interviews are done in relaxed environments. This will allow candidate to be more open and relaxed with their responses also giving the interviewer a chance to note both verbal and non-verbal responses (Cascio, 2013). Testing Procedures Employment testing is necessary for Bollman hotels, not only based on the location, but also to protect them and to ensure they are hiring suitable employees. The tests recommended are work-sample tests, leaderless-group discussions, personality measures, and integrity test. Bollman Hotel’s goal in India is to be a premier chain; hence, service delivery is important. So, job fit is important and an integrity test will help to outline the attitudes of prospects toward stealing, dishonest behavior, violence, and drug abuse. This it done through overt integrity test clear purpose esting and personality-based measures disguised -purpose test (Cascio, 2013). Employees will have access to guest rooms and information, so ensuring that Bollman has an idea of their tendencies, could help with selection. Another testing method is the work-sample tests used to analyze an applicant’s ability to perform a job task (Casco, 2013). Placing an employee in a hotel ro om or situation based on the job they applied for will show the interviewer if he or she can perform this task, such as spreading a bed according to Bollman Hotel standards for example. Leaderless-group discussion is another method and entails placing several candidates at a round table and giving them a job related topic to discuss. Each person will naturally approach this based on his or her abilities and personalities. This is recommended for Bollman as it will help to determine persons suitable for supervisory roles or otherwise. Finally, the personality measure test is recommended as it will help to identify personality characteristics such as neuroticism that is the level at which an individual is insecure, anxious emotional or calm, and self-confident. Extroversion looks at how an individual is gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Openness to experience looks at how an individual is cooperative, and warm, and conscientiousness looks at how hardworking, organized, and dependable someone is (Cascio, 2013). Personality measure is recommended because it will give an idea of persons most suited for jobs where they will interact with guest the least or the most based on their personalities. Methods for Selecting Candidates The candidates chosen for the jobs at Bollman Hotels in India will have to be in tuned with the culture of prestige and superb customer service. To do this, it is recommended that all the persons involved in the interview process are gathers and each will give their thoughts on each candidate and narrow the candidate pool. The process can be repeated until the desired number of employees has been reached (McNamara, n. d. ). The interview results and subsequent selections can be coupled with test results to make decisions as well. Job Offer The job offer is another important step in the employment process. The following are recommended when presenting the job offer to a successful candidate. Prepare a letter stating how thrilled the company is to offer them the job, outline the exact compensation offered, and outline the benefits him or her is entitled to. The letter should have a signature line for them to indicate their acceptance of the job within a specified time and the contact information for the Bollman Hotel’s personnel office if the need arises (McNamara, n. d. ). A three month probation period is recommended in addition to orientation for one week and on-the-job training for four weeks. This should also be outlined in the letter in addition to a copy of the job description (McNamara, n. d. ). Impact of Organizational Diversity on Organizations Diversity caused organizations to grow and operate more efficiently in global markets as they understand the need to relate to their customers. This also creates a competitive advantage when customers see an active effort to embrace diversity. Diversity also effects an organization by building brand equity for companies that choose to invest in multicultural advertising. They become known globally (Cascio, 2013). Organizations are also seeing that diverse employees need to be embraced to retain productive talent. Corporate image is also a factor and is increased as organizations known to employ diverse employees are more attractive to job seekers and companies seeing alliances (Cascio, 2013). It is recommended that Bollman capitalizes on the impacts of diversity as they are entering into a diverse and global market-place. Laws to Consider for Recruitment Selection It is important that Bollman Hotels remembers that employee and future employees have specific rights under specific laws. Consent is needed for background checks to be done on applicants, and this is covered under the Fair Credit Report Act and is necessary for checks done by a third party. Also, if references are provided on an applicant, they have the right to petition to see this reference under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (Cascio, 2013). Conclusion In this final recommendation prepared for Bollman Hotels, the following were effectively addressed. The organizational goals, forecasted demographic changes, five-year workforce plan, workforce diversity objectives, organizational branding, methods for screening candidates using highlighting the interview methods, interview process considerations and testing procedures. Recommendations were also made for methods for selecting candidates, the job offer, impact of organizational diversity on organizations and recruitment selection laws to consider.

Antony and Octavio :: Antony Octavio Essays

Chronological analysis of the strengthening of Octavius compared with the errors made by Antony. DATE (BC) Factors affecting Antony Factors affecting Octavius 42BC Battle of Philippi. With Lepidus, Antony led an armed force into Macedonia to face the conspirators who killed Caesar. The "Republican" conspirators had 19 legions at their command (about 120000 men), against the triumvir's 28 legions (about 170000). The triumvirs won resoundingly, and the leaders (Brutus and Cassius) committed suicide. Triumvirs firmly in control of Roman Government. Lepidus, the weaker triumvir, was clearly friendly towards Antony. This is exemplified by his full support against the conspirators despite Octavius' absence, and his previous support for Antony during civil war against Octavius. Battle of Philippi. Octavius was sick during the campaign, and did not play a significant role in its events. However, through his triumviral allies he had avenged the death of his uncle. 42/1BC Division of the Empire. Antony received most of Gaul, but Cisalpine Gaul was redefined as part of Italia. Influence over government in Rome, possibly reduced, as Antony was absent in the provinces to collect taxes and appease veteran soldiers. Lepidus (Antony's ally) was allocated Africa to put him at a distance from Antony and Octavius who divided the European empire between them. Division of the Empire. Octavius received the two Spanish provinces, and Sicily and Sardinia. He settled many of his veterans in Italy, giving him significant influence over the government in the capital. He was also responsible for defeating Sextius Pompey who was causing havoc in Sicily, and a major threat to Rome. 40 Triumvirate strengthened. Antony marries Octavia, sister of the similarly named triumvir. Antony moves East. Power transferred so that he controlled all provinces east of Macedonia (inclusive). Further decrease of influence in Rome as Octavius controls the west, despite the premise of "sharing Italy". Lepidus further marginalised in triumvirate. Triumvirate strengthened. Genuine(?) move by Octavius to maintain alliance through marriage. Octavius takes all of the west. All provinces west of Illyricium were taken over by Octavius' legions. 39 Sextius Pompey appeased by being given Sardinia and Sicily. Sextius Pompey appeased by being given Sardinia and Sicily. 38 Antony discouraged by expansion of Octavius. (read the right column first). Possibly disgruntled by Octavius' acquisition of more territory than was agreed, Antony attacks Octavius' breaking of the 39BC treaty. However, he still sends help to crush Pompey. Makes his capital in Athens. Decline of influence in Rome. (No evidence to suggest he had visited Rome since 41?

Field Of Academic Literacy Development Education Essay

Two articles related to academic literacy development where chosen as the topics for analysis, as academic literacy development is a nucleus research involvement of mine. This is due mostly, to the hapless state-of-affairs of instruction in South Africa. The purpose of this appraising survey was to foreground both strengths and failings of both articles in an effort to derive a better apprehension of good research in the field of academic literacy development. Both articles were chosen due to their relevancy in my field of involvement. Article one was chosen as it was written by the laminitis of the ‘Reading to Learn: Learning to Read teaching method, while article two was chosen as it conducted similar research to mine within the same university context. A structured ‘article literacy checklist ‘ was used as a starting point for the critical rating. However, due to terrible word restrictions, non all of the checkpoints were discussed in this assignment. It was foun d that both articles differed in footings of their strengths and failings. For illustration, article one was strong in footings of its clear account of the methodological analysis, consequences and findings whereas article two was strong in its literature reappraisal. In add-on, article two showed some weaknesss in its attack to the sampling process. Both article one and two make usage of a descriptive and process rubric. They both describe what the article will be approximately and place clearly that an account of the procedure involved will be included. However, article one goes one measure farther by set uping that the article is non merely a description, but besides an rating ; thereby, supplying excess information to inform the audience about its relevancy to their country of involvement. Contrastingly, article two, seems to go forth out this information. Possibly this is due to the fact that the writers ‘ focal point of the article was more about the existent programme and non the appraising facet of its efficaciousness? Nevertheless, a reference of this could hold been included in the rubric to better inform the reader of its relevancy to those looking for a description and rating of the procedure of scaffolded attacks to reading and composing seeing as an rating was conducted.IntroductionIntroductions, or opening st atements to any research article serve to introduce the reader to the context and nature of the job to be investigated ( Darley, Zanna & A ; Roediger, 2003 ) . This is achieved perceptibly good in both articles as the writers provide a elaborate apprehension of the context of their research and the state of affairs that their participants find themselves located in ( crisis ) . Furthermore, the demand for such a survey is highlighted. However, merely article one provides penetration into the more complex descriptions of the existent research methodological analysis and consequences. Furthermore, unlike article two, non merely does article one clearly specify what is to be realized within the article, but it besides skillfully leads the reader from ‘familiar ‘ nomenclature to the more ‘unfamiliar ‘ proficient linguistic communication. ( Darley et al, 2003 ) . Sing as most research is job driven, both articles ‘ debuts like an expert highlight a crisis in instruction ( deficiency of expressed instruction and composing ) and both point to a similar blank ( an absence/gap in pedagogic attacks in rectifying this crisis ) .AbstractionBoth articles have an abstract and are easy decoded. However, article one seems to supply a more in-depth abstract than article two, as article two leaves out any reference of an appraising facet within the paper. In add-on, article two does non supply any keywords, which is a critical constituent of being able to recover information electronically.Research GoalsBoth articles clearly province that the research article undertook to research a new/different attack to learning academic literacy development. In add-on, the end of both articles was to explicate a state of affairs found in a certain context ( hapless pupils ‘ literacy development ) and to prove the efficaciousness of the pedagogic attack adopted. However, this was overtly stated in article one and non in article two.Literature ReviewAn of i mport principle for a literature reappraisal is the demand to explicate a proposal for your research you intend to set about and convert your reader that your research is of import ( Hart, 1998 ) . Furthermore, harmonizing to Hart ( 1998 ) , the assessment of literature for your research provides a strong practical proof for your research and demonstrates an apprehension of your subject at manus. This is really clearly demonstrated in article two which combines a thorough probe into the theory of scaffolding scholars reading and composing and an application of that theory to the South African context ( Vygotsky, larning as a societal procedure, Cummins BICS and CALP and so forth ) . The sourcing of other research in article two ‘s literature reappraisal besides provides academic burdening to their research. Contrasting article two, is article one, which still provides a literature reappraisal in its ‘context and intent of the research ‘ subdivision, but from a some what different point of position. Sing as Dr David Rose is one of the establishing authors/researchers in the ‘Reading to Learn: Learning to Read methodological analysis, it is no surprise that there appears to be less mentioning of other old surveies in literacy development. Alternatively, his literature reappraisal seems to stem from his personal surveies of 25 old ages of experience in researching hapless literacy degrees of non-native talkers.Sampling and Research DesignSampling can be a instead combative issue as many research workers disagree in their procedure of choosing their sample units from the broader population and this may make every bit controversial arguments as to whether their findings can be generalized, or seen as accurate ( Trochim, 2006 ) . This is apparent in article two which used a non-random sampling process and involved inadvertent /convenience sampling. Harmonizing to Bouma and Ling ( 2004 ) this involves a survey of a population that is instantly available. The writers of article two used the full cohort of Science Access pupils at the University of KwaZulu-Natal ( UKZN ) . An advantage of utilizing this sampling process could associate to its simpleness ( needed small attempt ) , and an relief of issues related to statistical dependability ( Field, 2009 ) . After all, the greater the sample size, the smaller the standard mistake in your findings! However, Bouma and Ling ( 2004 ) clearly province that inadvertent sampling may non supply a clear representation of the larger population of which you are seeking to pull out valuable information from. For illustration, research in the field of literacy development in South Africa needs to impact upon, and assistance ALL disadvantaged scholars, from vastly differing contexts. Students from destitute backgrounds in the different states of South Africa have different barriers to larning ; hence, if the research workers in article two want to be able to take their findings and use th em to all Universities in South Africa, possibly random sampling is required, as non-random sampling, harmonizing to Bouma and Ling ( 2004 ) provides merely a weak footing for generalization. However, if the purpose of the writers was to look into a pedagogic attack to literacy development within the context of their local university as a footing for farther surveies within the broader South African context, so this sampling process would be able to supply equal informations as it used the full cohort of Science Access pupils at UKZN. Article one made usage of an action research design that investigated and evaluated a alteration in teaching method. Rose ( 2008 ) mentioned that the research workers were the agents presenting the alterations in teaching method. This type of research was good atoned to the aims of the research itself as it allowed the research worker to prosecute in brooding and automatic patterns ( Pring, 2006 ) . Furthermore, seeing as the research workers were more concerned with bettering an already neglecting standard signifier of academic literacy teaching method, the action research design was good suited to the end of the research, which was to research an improved educational pattern ( Pring, 2006 ) . Just like article two, the full cohort of pupils were given the option to partake in the survey but merely 25 opted to be portion of the research. Once once more, a non-random, inadvertent trying procedure was chosen but contrasting article one, article two clearly stated that the research fin dings were limited to one context and to be used at one University for the time-being.Consequences ( qualitative and quantitative ) , treatments and decisionsIt is assumed ( no explicit reference ) that article two made usage of both qualitative and quantitative informations as the trials required written work which so appears to hold been codified. However, no reference of this is given in the results/findings, nor any reference of how the codification was done Article two nowadayss their treatment of their findings in the signifier of an rating of the success of the scientific discipline communicating faculty. The writers are honorable and forthright in their statement sing the troubles they faced in mensurating the class ‘s success, due to the complexnesss of literacy development, which must be commended. However, their existent findings are obscure as a reference of an addition in public presentation by pupils in both the written and comprehension parts of the proving seem to belie a ulterior statement in the same sentence ( p458 ) . There could be a disagreement in the reading of pupils ( all pupils tested ) and most pupils ( non all pupils tested ) . Furthermore, four key jobs were outstanding within the findings. First, pupils are categorised into three different groups ( weakest, in-between and strongest ) . No reference or account is given as to how or why these groups were categorised. Second, table three provides a comparing of betterment. No indicant is given as to whether this is still the average tonss ( continued from table two ) or in fact, the average tonss. This could be important should the distribution of the tonss non be usually distributed. If the information was in fact skewed, than the average tonss would supply a better step of cardinal inclination. Third, inquiries arise with respects to the cogency and dependability of the tools of measuring. Field ( 2009 ) states that cogency and dependability are belongingss of measuring that aid guarantee measurement mistake is kept to a lower limit. In this peculiar article, issues of standard cogency influence the authorization of the findings. This is because the trials implemented may non really prove reading AND composing accomplis hments of scholars. Learners were being taught to read and compose big pieces of scientific authorship ( essays and studies ) but the trial implemented was proving an betterment of these accomplishments through the usage of MCQ ‘s ( Oklahoma for proving comprehension ) and short written undertakings. These composing undertakings required no more than 7-10 lines of written work which did non prove genre conventions acquired or the ability to compose longer texts. At the same clip, the entryway trials are pitched at a pre-university degree. Students, after one twelvemonth of explicit scaffolding where given a similar trial, still pitched at the pre-university degree, which inquiries whether a ‘learned-effect ‘ influenced betterment and non merely the intercession ( Arrow, 1962 ) . This brings to light issues of test-retest dependability ( Field, 2009 ) . Last, no existent trial statistics are given in the findings to state us whether the per centum of betterments ( 1 4 % ; 11 % and 5 % ) are statistically important in themselves. Therefore, they are strictly descriptive in the presentation. Article one is a batch clearer in footings of its research findings and consequences as it skillfully explains the measuring tool used to measure the authorship undertakings. Unlike article two, there does non look to be negative issues related to standard cogency as trials set out to mensurate the efficaciousness of the pedagogic attack step longer pieces of composing to prove composing accomplishments. The trials are farther authenticated by the usage of both qualitative and quantitative feedback. The consequences of both of these are really clearly laid out for the reader to position. Furthermore, the footing for the cryptography of the qualitative information was backed up by tested and tried methods used by the University of Sydney and research in the field of Linguistics. This allowed the rates of literacy betterment to be objectively measured. Article one besides ranked their research population into three separate groups but a description of how and why this was done was expr essed and allowed for greater apprehension than article two. Article one provided a much clearer description/discussion of its findings and offered possible motivation factors for countries that did non match to the overall tendency of patterned advance. This, together with neatly laid out tabular arraies and graphs of the information, let for higher degrees of assurance in the objectiveness of the action research. Furthermore, the findings of the action research were besides linked to suggestions of how to better literacy development amongst disadvantaged scholars across Australia. To reason, both article one and article two provide good illustrations of research in the field of literacy development. In add-on, they provide good theoretical accounts of how to, and how non to, describe on such findings. Both may hold differing strengths and failings, but still supply a good illustration of how to carry on valid and nonsubjective research. The analysis of the two articles have provided a good foundation for my ain research and have besides provided an chance for me to change my current research to supply more valid and dependable consequences.

Compare and contrast the representation of femininity in Pygmalion and Wide Sargasso Sea

This paper will attempt to compare and contrast the representations of femininity in the novel Wide Sargasso Sea (WSS) and the play Pygmalion. It will investigate any ways in which the works reflect or challenge commonly held social representations of femininity, and will compare and contrast each representation of femininity and then investigate any themes. It will also consider the counterpoint of masculine representation, and lastly the limitations of a comparison between two texts of different disciplines. These two titles were products of very different cultures; Pygmalion was written in 1912 by the thoroughly British Bernard Shaw, a self-proclaimed feminist, while WSS was written in 1966 by Jean Rhys, a Caribbean Creole (like her main characters) who immigrated to England in her teens. These texts were not intended to be textbooks, or represent any views other than the authors, but by comparing these texts we may find how the ideas of femininity have changed in the intervening years. Shaw's feminism might be expected to have influenced his portrayal of the female characters in his work, so the reader should be aware of a possible feminist subtext. WSS is set in the Caribbean of the 1830's, and was written for a primarily English audience. The author might therefore be expected to emphasise or exaggerate certain aspects of the story to increase the dramatic effect of alienation between the reader and the faraway subject and so the depictions may not be entirely accurate. Both of these works manifest stereotypes of passive women and male figures of authority, as might be expected from works set around the Victorian period. Pygmalion reflects these beliefs to a degree, as Eliza is dominated by the male characters, and especially Professor Higgins, during the three acts of the play. Her own father reflects Victorian values in that he feels able to sell her to Higgins, without her knowledge or consent. However, the play challenges these beliefs by having Eliza leave and stand up to Higgins during the last two acts. The play was also rather daring for the day in casting a common flower girl as the heroine, and refusing the play a conventional romantic ending in which the heroine marries the hero. Class and gender are inseparable, as evidenced by Higgins' continued reference to the ‘gutter' Eliza came from. There is also the suggestion that the only thing separating the flower girl from the duchess is their educations. WSS mostly reflects Victorian female stereotypes, as the women are treated by the men as extensions of their property; Annette has to beg her husband for money, and Antoinette is forced to sign all her possessions over when she marries. The few single women are portrayed as being ‘outsiders' in various ways; Christophine is from a different island, and feared because she practices obeah; while Amelie, contemptuous of the white people she serves, is an outsider in their company. There are many different representations of femininity in these works, and I feel the best way the explore femininity in these works will be to analyse the female characters relationships, and will analyse first the ways the femininity of the main characters is represented in each. In Pygmalion, Eliza's femininity is highlighted firstly by her work; she is referred to in the play at first as simply ‘The Flower Girl', and is shown to use her gender to exploit the presumed chivalrous nature of the men; she deceitfully tells Pickering she's ‘short for my lodgings', despite having previously said she could change half a crown. There are also repeated worries that Eliza is or could become a prostitute; Eliza herself recognises this, by her statements that she is ‘a good girl'. After all, at the start of her training Eliza's aim is to work in a flower shop, yet there is no obvious position ready for her, and when her training is complete she feels unable go back to selling flowers on street corners. Antoinette, the main female character in Wide Sargasso Sea, is represented as being somewhat submissive throughout the novel. The first part is told from her point of view, and is characterised by very little reference to her thoughts and feelings; she mostly seems to ‘go with the flow'. For example, when the Coulibri estate is set on fire she barely reacts except to do as she's told, and lets her family deal with it. After this, Antoinette is bullied and teased; she does not retaliate, but instead runs away as soon as she can. Antoinette's vulnerability is the mirror image of the tough, practical Tia and sensible Christophine, which is an example of how femininity is depicted differently between the women of different races. The white figures in the Caribbean are generally depicted as being somewhat out of place and cast off, while the black characters are part of a larger and more naturally-developed community – Antoinette is unable to make any real friends, as the white community has not been able to integrate with the black; whereas the local black settlement is almost able to turn the burning of the Coulibri estate into a village outing. This reflects a theme of ‘belonging', either to a home or in society, and also a loss of that place. For example, Annette is driven (or appears to be) insane after the loss of her family home. The first reference to Antoinette acting insane comes when she loses the sense of belonging to her estate; after her husband sleeps with the servant Amelie, he perceives her as having a ‘crazy laugh'. This sense of loss is analogous to Eliza's loss of identity and social class, as by the end of her training she has effectively lost her previous identity. Eliza's turning point in the story, where she starts to stand up to Higgins, comes just completing her training and winning Higgins' bet. This is the point where she would be starting her new life, and so it makes sense for her to break off from Higgins. Next I will study the various familial relationships between the female characters. I will begin by analysing the representation of motherhood, a strongly represented relationship in both works. The two main characters in each book each come from essentially single-parent families. In WSS, Antoinette is depicted as being rather attention-starved by her mother Annette, which might explain her hunger for affection with her husband later. This seems similar to her husbands' relationship with her father, whom he feels has disinherited him; but he reacts by masking his emotions, and seems to feel a loving relationship is unnatural. Antoinette does not display any real affection of her own towards her family, and never mentions playing with either her mother or her brother. Higgins seems to have had a similar relationship with his mother in Pygmalion, to whom he displays an almost infantile attachment. Eliza's father seems to have dominated her at home, given his references to beating her; A recurring theme in both works is the female characters' dependence on men, and the expectation that the men will provide for them. Eliza is dependent on Professor Higgins for her transformation, and on Colonel Pickering for the money to open her flower shop later on. The women in Wide Sargasso Sea are mostly represented as being somewhat helpless, and there are many examples of the female characters being ‘saved' by men or needing a male presence in their lives: for example, the family is only rescued from poverty when Annette marries Richard Mason, and later on, Antoinette is saved from bullies by her cousin Sandi. So in Pygmalion, the female characters are mostly independent from men, while the opposite is true in WSS. However, So Pygmalion's plot has a more obvious feminist subtext than WSS, which is indicative of the different representations of femininity in the cultures that made these texts. However, the way Higgins treats Eliza is anything but feministic; and Shaw seems to be biased in favour of his male characters; all the best lines seem reserved for Higgins. It could also be argued that the uncaring and abusive nature of the men in WSS demonstrate why Rhys felt it was important to protect the rights of women. However, there are inherent limitations to an interdisciplinary approach such as this. A play is designed to be viewed in a very different way to a novel, and while WSS presents a concrete and defined world, Pygmalion as a play is open to interpretation. There are many different ways of performing the text that could destroy the delicate feminist subtext; for example, at the end of the film My Fair Lady, based on Pygmalion, Eliza quietly returns to Higgins, who asks her to fetch his slippers – the opposite of Shaw's intentions.

The Life of Martin Luther essays

The Life of Martin Luther essays Martin Luther lived in a period that had a wide spread desire for reformation of the Christan Churhc and played the role in the development of Protestantism. Luther was born at Eislebenin Saxony. Since his father was a miner, it was a great distress on him to send Martin to school and then to the University of Erfurt. That is where he earned his masters degree at the young age of twenty-one(Erikson, 39). Although his father wished him to study law, Martin, after being terribly frightened in a thunderstorm, vowed to become a Friar. He entered the monastery of the Augustinian friars at Erfurt and was ordained a priest(Erikson, 167). He eventually earned a doctorate of theology. He grew disburbed by the growing abouve of indulgences. The cetrificate granted by the people in return for the payment of a fee to the church. It stated that the sould of a dead relative or a friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled together. Also the person had to by an indulgence. This would allow them to receive their earthly penance, since no one knows that Gods ultimate punishment will be. The Catholic Church faith now has a doctrine to back the three principles of indulgences(Neil 18) (Underwood 345). the principles of indulgences first one that God mericful, but he also just. Next, Chrust and hte saints, through their inifnite virtue, established a treasury of merits on which the church, through its special relationship with Christ and the saints, can draw. Third, the Church has the authority to grant sinners the spiritual benefits of those meirts(Underwood, 345). Luther idea spread began writing the Ninty-five Theses or arguments against indulgences. That he began posting them on the Wittenberg where he preached. He wanted the public to know that he was debating against important issue. The Theses stated the simple folk believe...

Rostrum, As Used in Marine Life

Rostrum, As Used in Marine Life The term rostrum is defined as an organism’s beak or a beak-like part. The term is used in reference to cetaceans, crustaceans and some fish.   The plural form of this word is rostra. Cetacean Rostrum In cetaceans, the rostrum is  the upper jaw or â€Å"snout† of the whale. According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, the term  rostrum  also refers to the skull bones in the whale that provide support for the rostrum. Those are the forward (anterior) parts of the maxillary, premaxillary and vomerine bones. Essentially, it is made up of the bones we have between the bottom of our nose and our upper jaw, but the bones are much longer in cetaceans, especially baleen whales.   Rostrums look different in toothed whales (odontocetes) versus baleen whales (mysticetes). The toothed whales have a rostrum that is usually dorsally concave, while baleen whales have a rostrum that is ventrally concave.   More simply put, the top part of a toothed whales rostrum is shaped more like a crescent moon, while a baleen whales rostrum is shaped more like an arch. The differences in rostrum structure become pretty evident when viewing images of cetacean skulls, as is shown in the FAO identification guide here. The rostrum in a cetacean is a strong, relatively hard part of the anatomy. Dolphins can even use their rostra to   Crustacean Rostrum In a crustacean, the rostrum is the projection of the animals carapace that extends forward of the eyes. It projects from the cephalothorax, which is present in some crustaceans and is the head and thorax together, covered by a carapace. The rostrum is a hard, beak-like structure.   In a lobster, for example, the rostrum projects between the eyes. It looks like a nose, but it is not (lobster smell with their annentules, but thats another topic). Its function is thought to be simply to protect the lobsters eyes, especially when two lobsters have a conflict. The Lobster Rostrums Contribution to History In the 1630s, European warriors wore a lobster tail helmet that had overlapping plates hanging from the back to protect the neck and a nasal bar in the front, modeled after a lobsters rostrum.   Oddly enough, lobster rostrums have also been used as a cure for kidney stones and urinary diseases.   In shrimp, the rostrum is also known as the head spine, which is a hard projection between the animals eyes.   In barnacles (which are crustaceans but dont have visible eyes like lobsters do, the rostrum is one of the six shell plates that make up the animals exoskeleton. It is the plate located on the anterior end of the barnacle.   Fish Rostrum Some fish have body parts that are referred to as a rostrum. These include billfish such as sailfish (the long bill) and sawfish (the saw). Rostrum, As Used in a Sentence When the minke whale surfaces to breathe, its rostrum usually appears first, followed by the top of its head and its back.I needed to pass a kidney stone, so I roasted a lobsters rostrum and then mashed it up and dissolved it in wine. (Yes, this was purportedly a cure for kidney stones in the Middle Ages and Renaissance).   Sources American Cetacean Society. Cetacean Curriculum.Accessed October 30, 2015.Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Crustacean Glossary. Accessed October 30, 2015.Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.  p.1366.St. Lawrence Global Observatory. American Lobster - Characteristics.  Accessed October 30, 2015.The Lobster Conservancy. 2004. Lobster Biology.  Accessed October 30, 2015.University of Bristol. Crustacea.  Accessed October 30, 2015.

OB Clinical Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

OB Clinical Assignment - Essay Example If there are one or two missed periods, then this can suggest pregnancy. Morning sickness is another presumptive sign of pregnancy. Although this is referred to as morning sickness, this is really a misnomer, as the nausea that is associated with early pregnancy can occur anytime during the day. The variations that a woman might have is that certain foods might taste differently than before, and certain odors might also cause nausea. The nausea that is associated with pregnancy often occurs beginning in the sixth week after the first day of the last menstrual period and this nausea may last for 6 to 12 weeks, often ending at the beginning of the second trimester. Some women may still experience nausea and vomiting after this time frame, but this is not usual. Other signs of early pregnancy include excessive fatigue, which may begin a few weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period, and this excessive fatigue may last throughout the first trimester. Urinary frequency is ano ther sign of early pregnancy, in the first trimester. This is because the uterus is enlarging, which puts pressure on the bladder. The urinary frequency often disappears after the first trimester, as the uterus rises higher in the abdomen, then returns towards the end of pregnancy, as the uterus once again puts pressure on the bladder. ... Another presumptive pregnancy sign is quickening, which is fetal movement. This might be a fluttering in the abdomen that increases in duration and frequency. This starts occurring around the 16th week, so this is really a presumptive sign that is a second trimester sign. The movement eventually become distinctly fetal movements, as the woman first starts feeling movements that do not necessarily mean pregnancy, progressing to movements that definitely do mean pregnancy - such as the baby kicking and turning. Another sign of early pregnancy is libido changes – this might mean that the woman either wants to have more sex, or doesn’t want to have as much sex as she did before she became pregnant. A woman might also experience strange cravings – the old cliche is that a woman might suddenly crave pickles and ice cream together, but the cravings can be something more subtle. Perhaps she suddenly craves oysters, where she didn’t like oysters before. She might e xperience colostrum from the breasts, which is discharge. Her abdomen might become enlarged. Montgomery’s tubercules is another sign – these are the tiny bumps which are on a woman’s aureolas, that become more pronounced during pregnancy. Braxton Hicks contractions are another possible sign of pregnancy - around six weeks of pregnancy, the uterus starts to contract periodically, although this is almost imperceptible to most women. Probable Signs of Pregnancy Probable signs are more diagnostic of pregnancy than are the presumptive signs, although even these signs are not definitive, in that these signs can occur without the woman being pregnant. One of the signs is that the vagina and the uterus change. The cervix becomes softer. There is also a dark violet coloration of the vagina, vulva and the