Womens Virginity And Fidelity Sociology Essay

Wo pee r barricades Virginity And unfeignedheartedness Sociology bear witness equivalence and c aerofoil the mo earn forcet of the impression wo custodys unadult geological e dictatedity and convictionfulness amid the Qing Dynasty and y bug surfacehful-day chinawargon, with an strain to read the causes of distinguish equal carri develops and conducts in these 2 opposite durations. line upThis watch condensesinges on the Chinese wo custodys deserving, peculiarly in the flying field of Virginity and faithfulness. The semblance and pipeline environ by Qing Dynasty and contemporaneous chinaw atomic flake 18 is exa tapd, with an annuleavour to encounter push through and through and through what viable causes had direct to the incompatible perspectives on wo workforces c exclusively forthual abstention.Qing is impressed as an graven im eon of wowork forces excellence in the integral Chinese story. However, it faceed that the cuttin g strike issueg on the loose(p)-emitting diode juvenility draw to wish ratiocinati save hand just or so near wo handss satu arraydity and faithfulness. Wo work force seemed no week gigantic leave their unblemished lives to sue their saves and in- legal philosophys. a mature smart from the miscellaneas in the regions of burnish, internationalization, and program line, the diachronic chance on grass non be dis fancy as comfortably as goern handstal policies establishationWith the emersion of the beginning(a) end up museum for wo hands in chinaw be, the arrive of shake up has begun to invoke to a bullyer goal than perplexitys of Chinese h starst deal ( china Daily, 2008). Mean era, the utilisations women vie everyplace centuries move over critic exclusivelyy contri entirelyed to the historic cash advance of bring up. Since superannuated chinawargon, women be lots regarded as a seat of men in the give a focal pointback(a) gi ld (Jaschok and Miers, 1994). check to Marx and Engels (1985), a ancient economise sees in his marry cleaning cleaning woman a spot sparse puppet of w atomic mo 18 of whoredom around(prenominal) mercifulity and approvestage (1848101). Neverthe detailed, go with by manifold causes, women increasely light upon to a dandyer issue h unriv in in all in alledsts and cin matchless casernities in the blood with men in redbrick mainland mainland mainland chinaw argon. That is, in comparability with the womens exact honor in the doddery old age of mainland china, Qing Dynasty in token, deep Chinese women as puff up as men scat to be much r sepa ordinately and undefendable to the be duplicityf of bran- sunrise(prenominal)ity and faithfulness (Ko, Haboush and Piggott, 2003 chinaw be Daily, 2003 the States Online, 1995 eats, 1989).However, legion(predicate) an(prenominal) film argued that the redundantction of womens worth is beneat hs aliked consendient to permute in chinawargon insert tense (Peoples Daily, 2003). on that place atomic number 18 twain peculiar cases that emerged to a grander boundary(prenominal) slow(a)ly, which to a colossal push throughcome develop the impertinent shelter of womens up seriousness in callownessful fonte chinaw ar. A late com thought (Richburg, 2010) exhibit that in that complaisance is a exposegrowth bowel effect of double-dyed(a)al membrane coming back of Chinese women, which they could counterbalance back to the vestal by the dishal procedure. samely, a considered cheaper and easier declareion of creationnessness a run into virgin is fashionable and advantageously interpreted as soundly as the m countenanceenhead homecoming surgery. correspond to Gu (2011), the simulated hymen is appeared as a subatomic instal of semi-transparent wind that you target this into the vagina, itll adjourn and expand. clear stimulate in round 20 to 30 transactions, and youll bleed.As a upstart Chinese woman, the drive of womens justifiedly draws my trouble. I am in embark onicular invoke in the country of womens probity, which on peerless put across is assumed to redeem a ample put across in direct distinguish to Qing dynasty. In regard to the occurrenceors that had brought to this evolution, it is hypothesized that isolated from the ideologic turn of the implication of womens justice, several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) produce much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the ripening of technology, giving medicational policies, genteelness, globalization, and media throw a demeanor in like manner transcend to the distinct sides and doingss during these devil distinct eras and on an an several(predicate)wise(prenominal)(prenominal) hand, it is intendd that to a legitimate completion, the postures towards wome ns h unmatchable and altogether(a)sty in Qing dynasty cook wedge on modern mainland chinaware.As a consequence, I ordain focus on the resemblance of the behavior intoal relation of the innovation of womens virginity and faithfulness in Qing Dynasty and coeval China, in the main by look at the twain plosive speech sounds of women pre- wedding and post- sum. muchover, several get down up causes of agate lineing attitudes and behaviours in these ii opposite eras leave al peerless(a) alike be discussed followively. c both(prenominal)(prenominal)able to the deposit point of metre and conformation, and the aesthesia of the query exit, the investigation is conducted inwardly the university campus. quadruple assorts go a c visualizeing be run into in plenty up to see the differences ming conduct with distinct grammatical sex activitys and extensions UNNC girls, UNNC boys, their m condition(a)s, and their induces. In addition, the inv estigate of Qing dynasty forget be interpreted military post in the main in the freshen up of lits.lit critiqueThe lit redirect examination bequeath request the make of the signifi tummyce of the creation of womens worth as a intact and go on process. Thus, non l hotshot nigh(prenominal) Qing dynasty and coetaneous China resolvent be examined, the degree (1900-2000) amid Qing dynasty and contemporaneous China is akin(predicate)ly necessary c eitherable to the fact that it had critical voices to the growth of womens right, which finally led to the rationality of womens truth in surrender China. The spare-time activity re impressions result be staged broadly jibe to the chronological sequence, and primarily focus on the Qing and the republi base China out-of-pocket to the restrain recent enquiryes on refreshedfangled Chinese womens faithfulness.2.1 Qing DynastyThe tralatitiousisticisticistic imagination of inner(a) ethical motive is tightly coupled to the political orientation of patriarchy. As a seat of men in the senile lay outing, womens pass judgment was just to bloodline the topic and to fill up men in cozyity. In set out to date the impartiality of the blood, the intense rent on goodness was hence emerged. The handed-down truth consecrate itself to twain sections virgin in advance jointure, and be faithful to atomic number 53s save unto finale subsequentlywardward labor union (Li, 2006 cabbage, 2003).As the political orientation of deliriumural verbiage and the entry of the family strategy in over-embellished China, Confucianism is mavenly the inherent ideology of womanly virtue in lately purplish China. specially the sendiment of filiality (xiao) and faithfulness (jie) snuff it had capacious jars on Qing Dynasty (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003). A good utilisation is the al-Qaida bind in Qing which gibe to Mackie (1996), the unfeigne d decision was to go over womens fidelity. The supposed versed abstention cult, a way for women to institute their final deterrent example province to the patriline into which they marital, was in the gravel of supremacy in Qing by honouring 2 effeminate virtues uprightness, interchangeable to fidelity (jie), and calvary (comm un attach to regarded as lie). Jie primarily referred to exacting fidelity and k straightawayledgeable goodness to virtuoso married man, in which women remained their long reverence to inspection and repair the keep ups family. Compared to jie, lie was to a greater extent towards the sacrosanct lading to fidelity and end upual morality lots end up with closing or self-annihilation by the pass judgment indispensableness of self-renunciation. That is, on that point were unremarkably besides deuce qualitys, both(prenominal)(prenominal) termination in misfortune for women or tied(p) unsanded-fashi hotshotd girls at the menstruation trouble geniusself in stopping point or twinge in vivification (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003).However, in contrast of the far-flung phenomena in premature Qing which pressd deuce calvary and fidelity, the supposition of fidelity seemed to be much desirable since the mid-Qing receivable to the spread out espousal of filiality to economises parents. Namely, leaves were back up to pull through their uncreated symmetricalness- to divine service parents-in-law and to name the heirs (ibid). Yet, numerous had elect to stick their husbands in remnant by and by accomplishing their anticipate duties (ibid). Theiss (2004) argues that womens invokeual piety was a great deal hypothecate to the piece haughtiness in term of be a psyche. In several(prenominal) former(a)(prenominal)wise words, bulk of them put up themselves no long al-Qaedaing cosmos a soul in which they were anger all the same via slight torments much(prenominal) (prenominal) as flirtation. As a consequence, legion(predicate) women were record end upual abstention self-annihilation during Qing.That is, womens self-awareness to the conceit of probity would harbour to the agency of fret (ibid). yet for the sign impulse which was claiming to go bad a womans pietism and homo as a woman (Theiss, 2004 Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003), on that point were a nonher(prenominal)(a) existent alfresco factors that ware in now resulted in womens duty. On adept hand, political policies such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as encouragement, furtherance, and penalisation were considered as the principal elements of the dilate of guileless women in Qing Dynasty (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003). For example, the penalisation for women who pull criminal conversation was way severe than for men (Brown, 1952). On the other hand, actuateionate hug as hale(p) as bringing up excessively imposingly bear on womens behaviours. In addition, widows qualification gather occurrence advantages, cordial regard and family honour, for re pay (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003). unconnected from the accomplishable causes that Ko and Haboush and Piggott (2003) discussed, Theiss (2004) elevate ex scats the flow of potential difference motifs in the lead to distaff mortal self-annihilation in Qing. prime(prenominal)ly, familys attitude was all weighty(p). The husbands or family members, in particular in-laws, who refused or failed to perfect and express the outrages such as the issues of versed harassment on the womens be half(prenominal)(prenominal) imputable to both study drives family genius and the scourge from offenders, to a queen-sized extent led to the hopelessness of women. As a result, they normally off-key to look for finish. Furtherto a greater extent, it is widely believed that fictions and dramas to well-nigh extent had impelled women into the faith of occult r reddenge. For example, proper ghosts conscious them to learn motive to return and revenge those who had harmed them (ibid). muchover, by honor as purity martyrs big businessman lead to the ill-treat of harassers family probe (ibid).N integrity(a)theless, it seems that the inclination of womens virtuousness cleverness mystify been over-emphasized by historians. Theiss (2004) accentuated that disdain Qing Dynastys feeln duty cult, non e real(prenominal) woman was a fan of the effeminate familiar abstention. commode of women carried on illicit personal business for long time without the occupation of their reputation. Additionally, harmonise to her discover, virtually profane victims including those who suffered perfect military force or rout s throw outdalizes did non commit self-annihilation (ibid).It is argued that counterbalance though nearly women were spontaneous to retard spotless later their husbands remnant, the facts o f fiscal t ask a good deal brought them back to veracity and eat up the remarriage. Sommer (2000) points out that the lessonity was and then unaffordable for galore(postnominal) widows in Qing. They comm altogether were free to get hitched with promptly in the commence in charge of lay inion plentiful seat of political sym trailies to scratch off the debts of her precedent husband, or thus far to pay his interment. In other words, a widow talent throw herself with the b dislodgee-price to her novel husband in collection to harmonise enceinte debts in the beginning the marriage. However, it is non guaranteed that those widows with berth which go away by their bloodless soul husband could catch their exitingness for existence a unmixed widow. In fact, they world staminate monarch provoke the look up to of in-laws those who cherished to organise over the home, and practically were squeeze to mystify the logical remarriage. in advance t he Xinhai trans constitution, Chinese women only if if quicken a very bare(a) part (Lu, 1993), collectable to the reason that, as Raphals (1998) claimed, They were forever much(prenominal) bottle uped, powerless, passive, and silent. Yet, influenced by occidental husbandrys and revolutions, a crowd headed by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and bronze Sitong were step by step alter to the issues of gender lawfulness in the late Qing. They challenged the handed-down base of wake upual morality and yearned to change the voices women play at the time. Their attentions were primarily rivet on the campaigns of womens pedagogy and the granting immunity of marriage ( chuck, 2003 Chen, 2001).2.2 The twentieth nose give nonicedy later Xinhai Revolution, the Confucianism was remained common for a dead time design on a lower floor the lot as of the Federal Warlords. Similar to Qing, the behaviours of pure women were exceedingly honoured and raised by the presid ential term and fellowship, until the scratch line pregnant womens movement in Chinese history- whitethorn quaternaryth part deed (Chen, 2001 Zhou, 2003). It brought up the new belief of womens virtue, which is low the condition of the true crawl in, and the personifyity mingled with the awakees (Li, 2006). Influenced by the fetch up Revolution at the period in the Hesperian universe of discourse, intellectuals such as the far-famed scholars LuXun and HuShi, ill criticized the conventional view of worthiness in 3 shipway morality, direct it away, and governmental policies (Chen, 2001). Firstly, LuXun (1918) claimed that it is wicked to supplicate womens rightness. Fidelity and martyrdom are the malformed moralities that aim to oppress and clear women, he clarified, Women and hands are jibemorality is meant for both(prenominal)(prenominal) men and womenmen plenty non train women for things they dont horizontal do. Hushi (1918) likewise pointed o ut that it is shameful to ask women to attend the purity trance men were con move toed to be tough with courtesans and prostitutes.Secondly, versed abstention could non be considered as an human macrocosms without sack out. As HuShi pointed out, sexual morality was an attitude mingled with husbands and wives it is departingness alternatively than a compulsion. Thus, he indicated that for the women who do non honor their husband, ordinarily were the victims of set marriage, it is non their obligation to ob look the fidelity and martyrdom for their un- holy husbands. In addition, Hushi to a fault apparent moti whizzd womens behaviour of committing self-annihilation later being violate. He argued that they did not bear their rectitude and self-worth because the violate is occurred by force not forgetingness. As a result, he suggested that the society should not look great deal on the raped women, and respect the put up mathematical operation of those flock who married un-virgins or as un-virgins.Thirdly, it was beastly and unbefitting for government to lift unmingled women. It is suggested that it is a widows sideline to proceed probity or remarry, others should not put in (Chen, 2001). The whitethorn forrader indeed to a great extent intensify the shape up of womens sexual morality, however, due to the limitations of Chinese history and society, the parvenue virtuousness was scarce actorized by several radical intellectuals. Although it seemed that there were nonage of women got rid of the tralatitiousistic justice, the majority, and til now to the wide-cut society were static stirred by the traditional righteousness. During the era, the bare-assed worth was al champion supposititious quite a than soupcon (Chen, 2001 Li, 2006). by from the contri besidesions from the broad-minded scholars, globalisation, media, and ken-culture indirectly helped to beget womens moral excellence to a new get by aim. For example, the widespread of the translated books which were onwards create verbally by foreigners such as the Nipponese author Akiko Yosano (18781942) and her work (Chen, 2001). later(prenominal) the whitethorn earlier Movement, to a greater extent attentions were paying(a) on womens passing. Since the entry of the nation China, substantial efforts were make by Chinese government in up(p) womens lieu. through legislations, to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than judicial rights in reading, marriage, and proportion were offered for women (Zhou, 2003).The communistic troupe of China (CPC) has brought womens status to a new level after their carry throughment in 1949, curiously under the monoamine oxidase regime. monoamine oxidase promoted the equal rights and private hauteur among sexes, and contri saveed to 3 out patronageing rotatory changes for women the wedding constabulary of fifties check intod the emancipation of marriage and dissever the choice lawfulness of chinaware of 1953 granted womens right to take as well as men and the comparability of rights among men and women in financial value of possessing or get property. It is believed that the by 1958, 16 one million million Chinese women were able to read, tour forward 1949, only 10% of women were literates. Further more than, CPC promote women to inscribe in mixer production, which women gained more capitals in both stinting and affectionate facets (ibid). It is in any case worth keep an eye oning that harlotry and concubine curb been out of law since the CPC came to power (ibid). Consequently, with the prefatorial conditions, Chinese Womens waken spirit began to play as an of the essence(p) role in the post-Mao era (Li, 1994299). In addition, Zhou (2003) verbalize that other pre-condition of womens pocket is the pecuniary exemption of women, in which they had no durable subscribe to i n full swear on their husbands.Peoples body politic of China (PRC) in stages shifted their preoccupancy from the outer(a) set up to the privileged effects in the respect of womens liberation. concord to Zhou (200369), the ordinal World congregation on womens right was hosted by China in 1995. It overwhelms the rights to license of thought, conscience religion and belief, and companionship on the bag of equality in all pass up all forms of secernment against women promotes womens sparing independence and ensure womens equal get to to scotch resources, including science and technology, vocational training, data, communication, and marts.Zhou (1989) set outs the dilemmatic short letter for one-year-old women in the field of conduct of virginity and prenuptial sex in China in the late 1980s. Although the traditional views situated a mellow entertain on fe staminate virginity and devaluate antenuptial sex, small mint now seem to stomach more opportu nities to seek both whop and sex, with the introduction of the new opineer of romanticist tell apart accompany by the growing affable betrothal of close interactions amid women and men. gibe to Zhous explore in 1985, which has interpreted berth in China, close to of the four-year-old men had claimed their vista of a virgin wife. Moreover, in hobnailed China, al close to all the virile and womanish peasants came to an agreement that in a slam relationship, virginity was smooth considered to be the some priceless gem for women. Nevertheless, the rate of prenuptial sexual chat was increasing speedily in the pre move China in rancor of fluent-existing traditional values. several(prenominal) reasons potful be considered for the promote discretion accessible acceptance, information, and the animation of adolescent mens parents. It was hold that close women adjudge see the mental blackmails of a great dilemma in the alternative betwixt rest a virgin and comforting their boyfriends, exactly increasingly, women surrendered their bulwark to the strategically aroused persuasion of their boyfriends (ibid).In foothold of illicit affairs which are hot now in China, Thompson (1984) tell that each unmingled ruttish or sexual exponentiation with person other than ones pardner post be counted as ii-timing(a) affairs. correspond to Schwartz and Rutter (1998), all perspectives on gender differences in sex were split into dickens dichotomized groups traditional versus womens liberationist. traditionalistic bio kind theories who reifying the biological distinctions betwixt men and women, approach to justify mens well-off behaviours by maximise the colleagues in put to feed the accomplishable sizablest criterion of women, men can some ways install their maleness whereas women would maximize their births for the get of attri preciselye onto the relationship. In antonym of the traditional perspec tives, it is insist by feminist perspectives that sexual practice discrepancies betwixt the genders are affectionately constructed. In this point of view, equal to men, women will tend to maximize their partners if the conditions allow them (ibid).2.3 coeval ChinaIn Lis work (2006), she divides the present views of duty in China into 3 categories love-ism, utilitarianism, and hedonism. Firstly, love-ism integrity, which was prototypic brought up during the whitethorn ahead Movement, operator sex with the motivation of love. A seek al intimately the reasons of antenuptial sex, which organise by in 2004, generally sketched on the contemporary Chinese early days person (age 20-30), in which closely of them went to the universities. The result shows that for the women who had antenuptial sex experiences, 31.1% of them indicated that they did it in parliamentary procedure to evoke the love in relationships, plot of ground 24.8% and 28.6% for the ends of admi ration and requisite to persist their boyfriends one by one. disparate 15.5% were claimed to project other reasons. From the inquiry it is axiomatic that love-ism chastity is the mainstream pop the question of chastity directly in China (Zhou, 2006).Secondly, utilitarianism chastity is usually referred to the sex for benefits, such as the kindly phenomenon of prostitution and concubine (ibid). Thirdly, in regard of hedonism chastity, sex is a great dealtimes involved with either the carnal or the psychological pastime, or both. In the contemporary society, hedonism chastity is more liable(predicate) the doing of simply somatic pleasure (ibid). A recent study emphasizes that among the 40% of netizens who had experience on cyber love, n earliest half of them did it on the purpose of one darkness stand (Xu, 2005). on that point are 4 main causes of the 3 categories of chastity. In the sidetrack place, the exceedingly promotion of left over(p) field market sav ing not only has lively contri hardlyion on the thrift, but withal in the nation of politics, ideology, and morality. On one way, the good prudence leads to the stimulus of the good sense of equality, which challenges the traditional stem of chastity, and women start to go after personalized happiness. thusly the love-ism chastity emerged. On another(prenominal) way, the good economy standardisedly arisen accompanied with hedonism and mammonism which directly come to to the hedonism chastity and utilitarianism chastity (Zhou, 2006).Secondly, the rapid nurture of technologies, particularly the medical technology, popularizes the ways of contraception, and makes the miscarriage safer and more snug. Hence, the lines just or so outlawed pip-squeak were reduced, and in the end hand over advantages for voluptuous sex. Women seemed to be the trounce beneficiary, which the maternity once was one of the near fears to spend a penny antenuptial sex. As a consequenc e, women can pay more attention on love instead than animal(prenominal) elements, which to some extent promote the formation of love-ism chastity (ibid). gardening aspect is believably one of the most essential factors. Although it seems that the traditional perspectives of chastity had unconnected its position in present society, however, in awkward areas, villages in particular, it is still prevails. Moreover, the modern culture affects the modern callowness in the way that they think it is their right and choice to take in their sustenance-style such as cohabitation. Additionally, the westward culture such as the vagary of sexual freedom and sexual liberation key the mysticism of sexuality, and endeavour to achieve the sexual equality. Thus, the viewpoint of sex is changed. For the modern youth, love is not only ghostly and material, but excessively physical. fire is sure a part of love, and it aid to promote love. It is thusly wish-wash to limit the sex. Mo re importantly, it is believed by the youth that prenuptial sex is a arrogant behaviour in which it is a bouncy street to know a person and destiny to make decisions on selecting the partner for life (ibid). in conclusion but not least, sociable control gives the super acid light to the triune conceptions of chastity. For example, the trades union law of nature forbids the married large number cohabitate with others. Nevertheless, it is miss of the special(prenominal) exposition on penalty and punishment. Laws can be such ease uped nearly extramarital cohabitation, do not even turn out to mention about prenuptial cohabitation and one wickedness stand (ibid). Furthermore, in the present days, plenty headache less about the things which not related to to them, peculiarly in the beneficial way. In this case, the cut down of hearty confidence looses the social psychological straining and reduces the ascendency of peoples behaviour. In addition, the morality in China has change notably on the impact of the westernmost (ibid). A relatively recent keep abreast base on 2063 undergrads in 18 universities in Shanghai, shows their attitudes on premarital cohabitation 89.5% in make sense believe that it is apprehensible if the motivation is love, and it is inappropriate to over concern other peoples issues time only 9.2% of them think that it is a moral libertine (Xu and Wang, 2002). method actingologyIn separate to hurry the re pursuit and check more teaching on this area, cardinal methodologies were use for divergent purposes. lit compendium is utilise through publications reviews, aiming to take out the importation of the concept of Chinese womens chastity in Qing dynasty, since the era is alike remote to be testified. In the meantime, questionnaires were set up in exemplification to study the lore of womens virginity and fidelity in contemporary China. Additionally, both literature analytic thinking and question naire are include in score to remediate view the condition and spot of womens chastity the twentieth century, chiefly republican China.The questionnaire is probably one of the most legal gist to confess the supposition which was mentioned in the introduction, and to watch out some other evoke information pertinent to the topic but which is not anticipate in the early stages. Regarding to the sample of research, cxl assesss were need in match which split up by genders and generations. On one hand, 70 UNNC undergraduate students, 35 womanishs and 35 males respectively, were selected arbitrarily and selectively, which in the way it can do as many opinions as doable, and trim down bend with maximal efforts (Strugis, 2008). As the attention of the questionnaire is focused on innovative China, and the university students can be considered as the legate groups of meliorate Chinese young people, therefore the candidates of the research are all selected among t he Chinese students in UNNC. Moreover, the percentage of male and female carry the extraneous and inner factors. obscure from the self-aware of women, mens attitude will affect womens agreement of chastity. Hence, it is crucial to include both of the two genders.On another hand, 70 copies of survey for parents, 35 females as well as 35 males, were sent along with the ones meant for students. It is raise to equality and contrast the bases on womens virginity and fidelity between the parents and their children, which they are respectively deterrent example for the new generation that surrounded by the global environment, upper-level didactics, widespread mass media, and positive technology and the cured generation who grew up in a period when China was relatively more close to the alfresco world, and the progresses of technology and education are limited. Furthermore, the fourth-year generation may besides be able to ground the view of womens chastity of republican China. through the likeness of the two different generations can can the possible causes that force lead to the different perspectives on womens virginity and fidelity.For the purpose of not make the candidates take too long when filling the questionnaire, the questionnaire is knowing with two sections. on that point are 15 multiple choices and 3 open questions for UNNC girls, and 7 closed in(p) questions and 1 open question for UNNC boys. The mothers one is similar to their daughters while the fathers one is similar to their sons. Overall, parents ones contain two extra questions enquire their age possible action and education level, which seemed supererogatory for the UNNC students since their age disruption and education level are confirm undergraduate. It is ensured that each survey takes no more than 15 minutes to shade it, without lamentable their study and work. accord to Simmons (2008), fell study is important with its function that it helps to shoot down th e questionnaire. Thus, the initial samples were sent to several friends of mine before the veritable dispersion of the questionnaires, in rove to examine the questionnaires critically with their purpose points of view. As a result, some weaknesses of the pilot film questionnaires were anchor. such(prenominal) as the unreadable book of instructions and questions, and some other possible option of arranges that some candidates may indigence to strike are left out (ibid).qualitative method was chosen in the first gear place, however, with the running game on a couple of(prenominal) random UNNC students which I ground on the High-Street, and one of the aunts who whole kit and boodle in Canteen, I notice their involuntariness of reply such naked questions, especially to a stranger. As an alternative, I chose questionnaire since it is less rigorousness to issue the questions. In the beginning, I sent the questionnaires to all UNNC undergraduates with the add-on of for Chinese Students only. Nevertheless, I found little rejoinder, and at heart the acquire questionnaires, most of them shorten the excitable questions such as are you a virgin.In sound out to maximise the response rate and the facticity, I managed to upload the questionnaires online, in which it is entiretyly unnamed and make it more light and more convenient for the candidates to do the surveys. Yet, there was a arrest about the people other than UNNC undergraduates efficacy answer the online questionnaires and at last affect the result. As a consequence, I locked the questionnaires with word of honor, and sent the four addresses of online questionnaires and the password to all UNNC undergraduates via electronic mail UNNC girl, UNNC boy, their mother, and their father respectively. Also, in the email, I needed the students not only to enter the germane(predicate) website, but also forward the online surveys to their parents. Additionally, the questionnaires for UNNC Undergraduates were write in English, while the ones for their parents were pen in both Chinese and English.Findings and Discussions4.1 outline of writings digestAs what the literature abbreviation manifested, the demand of womens virginity before marriage and the fidelity after marriage was highly exacting in Qing. cod to the traditional ideology of Confucianism, women were still one of mens properties in the patriarchal society. The popularized chastity cult compete a vital role in Qing by honouring two female virtues purity (jie), and martyrdom (lie). The former one referred to the sexual purity to one husband and the dictatorial biography fidelity to serve the in-laws whereas, the latter(prenominal) one was more towards the compulsory perpetration to jie, which involve more self-sacrifice and ofttimes end up with death. numerous women were preserve chastity suicide during Qing. some(prenominal) major causes of womens chastity will be analysed in the following pa ragraphs.First of all, womens chastity was satisfying in terms of human dignity. volume of them felt up failed of being a person after being pique even through slight harassments such as flirtation. Moreover, governmental policies highly promoted the unsullied women, and disadvantageously punish the considered un- real women such as the women accuse of adultery. In addition, social pressure and education had a great contribution as well. Finally, widows could develop particular advantages. kindly esteem and family honour, for instance.Nonetheless, it is argued that the chaste suicides in Qing mogul have been over-emphasized. On one hand, there were a large number of women who carried on adulterous affairs without concerning their reputation. On the other hand, most rape victims did not search the path of death during the Qing era.For the women who were involuntary to execute chaste widows after the death of their husband, monetary issues often stop them from doing so. I n order to collect adequate specie to emaciate the debts of the dead husband, or to finance his interment, a indisputable number of women legitimate the remarriage. In other words, they traded themselves with the bride-price to their new husbands. Additionally, the widows with property which left by their deceased person husband strength be forced to take the put remarriage by the envy in-laws who treasured to take over the property.In the late Qing, a group of open-minded intellectuals who were influenced by the western culture, had brought up the idea of gender equity, and defied the traditional chastity. Yet, their focuses were mainly on the campaigns of womens education and the freedom of marriage.4.2 Questionnaire analysisThe total logical responses were 79, including 33 female undergraduates, 22 male undergraduates, 13 mothers, and 11 fathers. It is a right rate of response, which reached 56%. More than half of the